Diseases affecting the coffee crop: Elucidating the life cycle of Rust, Thread Blight and Cercospora Leaf Spot

Authors

  • Anthony A. Moreira-Morrillo Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí-UTM, Campus Experimental La Teodomira, Km 14, Código postal: EC130105. Santa Ana, Manabí
  • Jean P. Vélez-Zambrano Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí-UTM, Campus Experimental La Teodomira, Km 14, Código postal: EC130105. Santa Ana, Manabí
  • Silvino Intra Moreira Universidade de Brasília, Brasília
  • Felipe R. Garcés-Fiallos Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí-UTM, Campus Experimental La Teodomira, Km 14, Código postal: EC130105. Santa Ana, Manabí

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2023.035

Keywords:

Coffea spp., Hemileia vastatrix, Ceratobasidium spp., Cercospora coffeicola, Fungal phytopathogens

Abstract

Coffee (Coffea spp.) is the second most significant commodity worldwide, with C. arabica being its most representative species. The coffee crop is affected by different fungal diseases that reduce the photosynthetically active area of its leaves and the production of grains. In order of agronomic importance, the rust caused by the biotrophic pathogen Hemileia vastatrix is a disease difficult to manage due to its type of reproduction. Another no less important, Thread Blight, caused by the basidiomycetes Ceratobasidium noxium (Syn. Corticium koleroga) and C. chavesanum, affects all aerial tissues of plants. The third disease, Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora coffeicola, affects both leaves and grains, making it difficult to manage. Although there is enough scientific information on Rust, very little is known about the etiology, symptomatology, life cycle, and management of Thread Blight and Cercospora leaf spot. High-resolution photographs and micrographs were used and related with available scientific information. In addition, current scientific information on each disease was compiled, and with that, the life cycles were developed. Likewise, this manuscript describes the management of the three diseases based mainly on the use of genetic, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical measures and their integration as a sustainable alternative in the coffee agroecosystem. Current and future challenges in coffee include the evaluation of cultivars, genetic diversity of Ceratobasidium spp. and C. coffeicola, plant-pathogen interactions, and agroecological management practices.

References

Adhikari, M., Isaac, E., Paterson, R., & Maslin, M. (2020). A review of potential impacts of climate change on coffee cultivation and mycotoxigenic fungi. Microorganisms, 8(10), 1625. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101625

Aime, M. C. (2006). Toward resolving family-level relationships in rust fungi (Uredinales). Mycoscience, 47(3), 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-006-0281-0

Andrade, C. C. L., de Resende, M. L.V., Moreira, S. I., Mathioni, S. M., Botelho, D. M. S., et al. (2021). Infection process and defense response of two distinct symptoms of Cercospora leaf spot in coffee leaves. Phytoparasitica, 49, 727–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-021-00902-2

Aristizábal, L. & Johnson, M. (2022). Monitoring coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) on commercial coffee farms in Hawaii: Early Insights from the First Year of Disease Incursion. Agronomy 12 (5), 1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051134

Avelino, J., & Rivas, G. (2013). La roya anaranjada del cafeto. Archive ouverte HAL. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/Hal-01071036/

Belachew, K., Teferi, D. & Hagos, L. (2015). Coffee thread blight (Corticium koleroga): a coming threat for Ethiopian coffee production. Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, 6(9), 303. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000303

Belan, L., de Jesus Junior, W. C., de Souza, A. F., Zambolim, L., Filho, J. C., Barbosa, D. H. S., & Moraes, W. B. (2020). Management of coffee leaf rust in Coffea canephora based on disease monitoring reduces fungicide use and management cost. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 156 (3), 683-694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01917-6

Bhandari, S., Nepal, S., Banshtola, R., & Thapaliya, B. (2022). Ecofriendly management of Cercospora leaf spot, Cercospora coffeicola (Berk & M.A. Curtis) disease of coffee in Gulmi. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 7(127), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2022-07.13

Bigirimana, J., Njoroge, K., Gahakwa, D., & Phiri, N. (2012). Incidence and severity of coffee leaf rust and other coffee pests and diseases in Rwanda. African Journal of Agricultural Reseearch, 7(26), 3847-3852. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.955

Botelho, D., De Resende, M., Andrade, V., Pereira, A., Patricio, F., et al. (2017). Cercosporiosis resistance in coffee germplasm collection. Euphytica, 213(6), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-1901-9

Botelho, D. M. dos S., de Resende, M. L. V., de Rezende, J. C., Júnior, P. M. R., de Andrade, C. C. L., Alves, E., & Armal, D. C. (2019). Difference between isolates from brown eye spot and black spot lesions in coffee plants. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 54, e01423. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2019.v54.01423

Botelho, D. M. dos S., de Resende, M. L. V., Teixeira, A. R., Santiago, W. D., Pozza, E. A., et al. (2021). Cercosporin production by Cercospora coffeicola isolates: spectrophotometry and HPLC quantification and image analysis. Chemical Papers, 76(4), 2567-2572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01965-5

Botelho, D. M. dos. S., de Resende, M. L. V., Andrade, V. T., Guerra-Guimarães, L. de C., Andrade, A. C., & Abrahão, J. C. de R. (2022). Heritability of aggressiveness components in Cercospora coffeicola isolates. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 164(4), 495-505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-022-02573-z

Brown, J. K. N., & Hovmøller, M. S. (2002). Aerial dispersal of pathogens on the global and continental scales and its impact on plant disease. Science, 297(5581), 537-541. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072678

Burt, E. A. (1918). Corticium Causing Pellicularia disease of the coffee, Hypochnose of Pomaceous fruits and Rhizoctonia disease. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 5(2), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.2307/2990106

Capucho, A., Zambolim, L., Lopes, U., & Milagres, N. (2013). Chemical control of coffee leaf rust in Coffea canephora cv. conilon. Australasian Plant Pathology, 42(6), 667-673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-013-0242-y

Cardoso, R. M. de L., Chaves, J., Fantin, D., & Lourenço, V. (2013). Efficiency of green manures for Cercospora leaf spot management in coffee plants. Tropical Plant Pathology, 38(2), 122 - 127. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1982-56762013000200005

Carvalho, C., Fernandes, R., Almeida-Carvalho, G., Barreto, R., & Evans, H. (2011). Cryptosexuality and the genetic diversity paradox in coffee rust, Hemileia vastatrix. Plos One 6(11), e26387. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026387

Castillo, N. E. T., Acosta, Y. A., Parra-Arroyo, L., Martínez-Prado, M. A., Rivas-Galindo, V. M., et al. (2022). Towards an eco-Friendly coffee rust control: Compilation of natural alternatives from a nutritional and antifungal perspective. Plants, 11, 2745. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11202745

Castro-Caicedo, B. L. (2003). Mal de Hilachas o Arañera. En L. F. Gil Vallejo, B. L. Castro Caicedo, & G. Cadena (Eds.), Enfermedades del cafeto en Colombia (pp. 133–136). Cenicafé. https://doi.org/10.38141/10791/0025_16

Cavalcante, M., & Sales, F. (2001). Ocorrência da queima-do-fio (Pellicularia koleroga) em cafezais em Rio Branco. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria-Embrapa Acre, Rio Branco.

Ceresini, P. C., Costa-Souza, E., Zala, M., Furtado, E. L. & Souza, N. L. (2012). Evidence that the Ceratobasidium-like white-thread blight and black rot fungal pathogens from persimmon and tea crops in the Brazilian atlantic forest agroecosystem are two distinct phylospecies. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 35(2), 480-497. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572012005000032

Cooke, M. (1881). Cercospora coffeicola. Grevillea 9, 99.

Daivasikamani, S., Rajanaika. (2009). Biological control of coffee leaf rust pathogen, Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley and Broome using Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Biopesticides, 2(1), 94-98.

Daub, M., Herrero, S., & Chung, K. (2013). Reactive oxygen species in plant pathogenesis: The role of perylenequinone photosensitizers. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 19, 970– 989. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.5080

Dechassa, N. (2019). Occurrence, distribution, biology and management of coffee thread blight (Corticium koleroga (Cke) Hoehnel): a review. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 9(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.7176/JEES/9-2-01

Dechassa, N., Chala, A., Shikur, E. & Belachew, K. (2019). Evaluation of coffee genotypes to coffee thread blight disease in southwestern Ethiopia. Pest Managment Journal of Ethiopia 22, 73-88.

Dechassa, N., Chala, A., Belachew, K., & Shikur, E. (2020). Morphological characterization of Corticium koleroga, cause of thread blight on arabica coffee. Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 4(2), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pst.20200402.12

de Lima, R. F., de Oliveira Aparecido, L. E., Torsoni, G. B. Chiquito, A. G., Moraes, J. R., & Rolim, G. de S. (2022). Agroclimatic zoning for the incidence of brown eye spot on coffee under climate change scenarios. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 149, 1471–1496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04123-3

de Melo, M., Matos, K., Moreira, S., Silva, F., Conceição, G., et al. (2018). Two new Ceratobasidium species causing white thread blight on tropical plants in Brazil. Tropical Plant Pathology, 43, 559–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-018-0237-x

de Paula, P., Pozza, E., Santos, L., Chaves, E., Maciel, M., & Paula, J. (2016). Diagrammatic scales for assessing brown eye spot (Cercospora coffeicola) in red and yellow coffee cherries. Journal of Phytopathology, 164(10), 791-800. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12499

De Paula, P. H. A., Pozza, E. A., Alves, E., Moreira, S. G., Paula, J. C. A., & Santos, L. A. (2019). Infection process of Cercospora coffeicola in immature coffee fruits. Coffee Science, 14(1), 127-130.

de Resende, M. L. V., Pozza, E. A., Reichel, T. & Botelho, D. M. S. (2021). Strategies for coffee leaf rust management in organic crop systems. Agronomy, 11(9), 1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091865

Daglia, M., Papetti, A., Gregotti, C., Berte, F., & Gazzani, G. (2000). In vitro antioxidant and ex vivo protective activities of green and roasted coffee. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 1449–1454. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf990510g

De Sousa, L. A., Cipriano, M. A. P., Da Silva, M. L., Patrício, F. R. A., Freitas, S. D. S., Carazzolle, M. F., & Mondego, J. M. C. (2022). Functional genomics analysis of a phyllospheric Pseudomonas spp with potential for biological control against coffee rust. BMC Microbiology, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-02637-4

Djuikem, C., Grognard, F., Wafo, R., Touzeau, S. Bowong, S. (2021). Modelling coffee leaf rust dynamics to control its spread. Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena, 16, 26. https://doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2021018

Durand-Bessart, C., Tixier, P., Quinteros, A., Andreotti, F., Rapidel, B., Tauvel, C., & Allinne, C. (2020). Analysis of interactions amongst shade trees, coffee foliar diseases and coffee yield in multistrata agroforestry systems. Crop Protection, 133, 105137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105137

Echeverri, J. (1979). La roya del cafeto en el Perú. Boletín de Promecafé (Costa. Rica) no. 2:2-3.

Echeverri, J. (1980). Fitomejoramiento genético del café con énfasis en resistencia a la roya (Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Br.) en México, Centroamérica y Panamá. Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agrícolas (IICA). 110 p.

EPPO. (2002). Cercospora coffeicola (CERCCO) EPPO Global Database. EPPO Global Database. Recuperado 24 de noviembre de 2022, de https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CERCCO.

Esgario, J., de Castro, P., Tassis, L., & Krohling, R. (2022). An app to assist farmers in the identification of diseases and pests of coffee leaves using deep learning. Information Processing in Agriculture, 9(1), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa.2021.01.004

Fernandes, R., Evans, H., & Barreto, R. (2009). Confirmation of the occurrence of teliospores of Hemileia vastatrix in Brazil with observations on their mode of germination. Tropical Plant Pathology, 34(2), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1982-56762009000200005

Fernández-Borrero, O., Cadena, G., Lopez, D., Buitrago, S., & Arango, B. (1982). La mancha de hierro del cafeto (Cercospora coffeicola Berk. & Cooke), biología, epidemiología y control. In: 10 Colloque Scientifique International Sur le Café, Salvador (Brasil), pp 11–14.

Gamarra, D., Suarez, G., Samaniego, J., & Izarra, H. (2016). Caracterización y manejo integrado de la roya amarilla del café en Selva Central del Perú. Convicciones, 2(1), 6-17.

Gil-Vallejo, L. (2003). Roya harinosa: Hemileia coffeicola Maub. et Rog. Enfermedades del cafeto en Colombia, 213-216. https://doi.org/10.38141/10791/0025_27.

Gómez-De La Cruz, I., Pérez-Portilla, E., Escamilla-Prado, E., Martínez-Bolaños, M., & Carrión-Villarnovo, G., Hernández-Leal, T. (2018). Selección in vitro de micoparásitos con potencial de control biológico sobre roya del café (Hemileia vastatrix). Mexican Journal of Phytopathology, 36 (1). https://doi.org/10.18781/r.mex.fit.1708-1

Gómez-de la Cruz, I., Guillén-Navarro, K., Huerta-Palacios, G., García-Fajardo, L.V., & Martínez-Bolaños, M. (2022). Enzyme activity of three mycoparasite isolates and their effect on Coffee Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br.). Symbiosis, 88, 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-022-00885-6

Haddad, F., Maffia, L. A., Mizubuti, E. S., & Teixeira, H. (2009). Biological control of coffee rust by antagonistic bacteria under field conditions in Brazil. Biological Control, 49 (2), 114-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.02.004

Hajian-Forooshani, Z., Perfecto, I., & Vandermeer, J. (2022). Novel community assembly and the control of a fungal pathogen in coffee agroecosystems. Biological Control, 177, 105099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2022.105099

Harelimana, A., Rukazambuga, D. & Hance, T. (2022). Pests and diseases regulation in coffee agroecosystems by management systems and resistance in changing climate conditions: a review. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 129, 1041–1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-022-00628-1

INIAP. (1981). Políticas y objetivos del programa de investigación en café. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria informativo Técnico, No. I, Estación Exp. Tropical, Pichilingue, Ecuador.

Jackson, D., Skillman, J., & Vandermeer, J. (2012). Indirect biological control of the coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix, by the entomogenous fungus Lecanicillium lecanii in a complex coffee agroecosystem. Biological Control, 61(1), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.01.004

Jansen, E. (2005). Plant Protection in Coffee Recommendations for the Common Code for the Coffee Community Initiative. Common Code for the Coffee Community, 52.

Keith, L., Sugiyama, L., Brill, E., Adams, B., Fukada, M., et al. (2022). First report of coffee leaf rust caused by Hemileia vastatrix on coffee (Coffea arabica) in Hawaii. Plant Disease, 106 (2), 761. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-21-1072-pdn

Khan, J., Rio, L., Nelson, R., Rivera-Varas, V., Secor, G., & Khan, M. (2008). Survival, dispersal, and primary infection site for Cercospora beticola in sugar beet. Plant Disease, 92 (5), 741-745. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-5-0741

Kolmer, J. A., Ordonez, M. E., &, Groth, J. V. (2009). The Rust Fungi. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester

Koutouleas, A., Jørgen Lyngs Jørgensen, H., Jensen, B., Lillesø, J. B., Junge, A., & Ræbild, A. (2019). On the hunt for the alternate host of Hemileia vastatrix. Ecology and Evolution, 9(23), 13619-13631. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5755

Koutouleas, A., Sarzynski, T., Bordeaux, M., Bosselmann, A. S., Campa, C., et al. (2022). Shaded-coffee: A nature-based strategy for coffee production under climate change? A review. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6, 877476. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.877476

Kumar, M., Gupta, P., Madhav, P., & Sachin. (2020). Disease Detection in Coffee Plants Using Convolutional Neural Network. 2020 5th International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES). https://doi.org/10.1109/icces48766.2020.9138000

Kushalappa, A., & Eskes, A. (1989). Advances in coffee rust research. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 27 (1), 503-531. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.002443

Laborde, M., Botelho, D., Rodríguez, G., Resende, M., de Queiroz, M., et al. (2018). Phialomyces macrosporus reduces Cercospora coffeicola survival on symptomatic coffee leaves. Coffee Science, Lavras, 14 (1), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25186/cs.v14i1.1448

la Torre, A., Iovino, V., & Caradonia, F. (2018). Copper in plant protection: Current situation and prospects. Phytopathol. Mediterr, 57, 201–236. https://doi.org/10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediterr-23407

Lu, L., Tibpromma, S., Karunarathna, S., Jayawardena, R., Lumyong, S., Xu, J., & Hyde, K. (2022). Comprehensive review of fungi on coffee. Pathogens, 11(4), 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040411

Machenahalli, S., Ranjini, A., Giri, S., Sudhaand, M., & Daivasikamani, S. (2019). Efficacy of fungicides against coffee brown eye spot disease caused by Cercospora coffeicola. Journal of Plant Diseases Sciences, 14(2), 124-128.

Martínez, J., Palazzo, D., Karazawa, M., Monteiro, M., & Reu, N. (1975). Presença de esporos de Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br., agente causal da ferrugem do cafeeiro, em diferentes altitudes, nas principais áreas, cafeeiras dos Estados de São Paulo e Paraná (Brasil). Biológico, 41, 77–88.

Mathew, K. (1953). Studies on black rot of coffee. Doctoral Dissertation. Universty of Madras Botany laboratory, India, Madras.

Medeiros, A. (1970). Informe sobre Hemileia vastatrix en café, en Bahia, Brasil. Comi. Exec. Pl. Recup. Econ. Rural Lav. Cacaueira, Rio de Janeiro 41.

McTaggart, A., Shivas, R., van der Nest, M., Roux, J., Wingfield, B., & Wingfield, M. (2016). Host jumps shaped the diversity of extant rust fungi (Pucciniales). New Phytologist, 209(3), 1149-1158. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13686

McTaggart, A. R., du Plessis, E., Roux, J., Barnes, I., Fraser, S., et al. (2019). Sexual reproduction in populations of Austropuccinia psidii. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 156(2), 537-545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01903-y

Mohammednur, T. & Yesuf. (2021). Review on coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and its management in Ethiopia. International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology, 8, 5-13. https://doi.org/10.22259/2349-476X.0804002

Motisi, N., Bommel, P., Leclerc, G., Robin, M-H., Aubertot, J-N., et al. (2022). Improved forecasting of coffee leaf rust by qualitative modeling: Design and expert validation of the ExpeRoya model. Agricultural Systems, 197, 103352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103352

Müller, A., Berry, D., Avelino, J., & Biesse, D. (2009). Coffee Diseases. In: Wintgens, J. N. Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production: A Guidebook for Growers, Processors, Traders, and Researchers, pp. 495-549. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527619627.ch18

Naik, B. S., Kim, S., Seenaiah, R., Basha, P. O., & Song, E. Y. (2021). Coffee cultivation techniques, impact of climate change on coffee production, role of nanoparticles and molecular markers in coffee crop improvement, and challenges. Journal of Plant Biotechnology, 48(4), 207-222. https://doi.org/10.5010/jpb.2021.48.4.207

Narasimhan, J. (1933). Black rot of coffee in Mysore. Phytopathology, 23, 875-886.

NationMaster. (2021). Coffee Production - Source FAO. Obtenido de: https://www.nationmaster.com/nmx/ranking/coffee-production-fao

Nelson, S. (2008). Cercospora leaf spot and berry blotch of coffee. Plant Diseases, 41, 1-6.

Noack F. (1901) Die Krankheiten des Kaffeebaumes in Brasilien. Z Pflkrankh Pflschutz, 11, 196–203.

Ogundeji, B., Olalekan-Adeniran, M., Orimogunje, O., Awoyemi, S., Yekini, B., Adewoye, G., & Bankole, I. (2019). Climate hazards and the changing world of coffee pests and diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 41(6), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2019/v41i630429

OIRSA. (1976). Informe sobre la situación y acción tomada en la República de Nicaragua con relación a la roya del café (Hemileia vastatrix). Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, OIRSA, San Salvador, El Salvador. 30 pp.

Paiva, B. R. T. L. (2013). Progress of Cercospora leaf spot in coffee under different irrigation management systems and planting densities. Coffee Science, 8(2), 158-167.

Patrício, F., Almeida, I., Barros, B., Santos, A., & Frare, P. (2008). Effectiveness of acibenzolar-S-methyl, fungicides and antibiotics for the control of brown eye spot, bacterial blight, brown leaf spot and coffee rust in coffee. Annals of Applied Biology, 152 (1), 29-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2007.00187.x

Pereira, F., Carvalho, S., Viana, M., Vidal, D., Ferreira, G., Silva, J., & Sâmia, M. (2019). Selection of coffee progenies with large beans resistant to rust and Cercospora leaf spot. Coffee Science, 14 (1), 67. https:doi.org/10.25186/cs.v14i1.1529

Pereira, D., Nadaleti, D., Rodrigues, E., Silva, A., Malta, M., Carvalho, S., & Carvalho, G. (2020). Genetic and chemical control of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.): impacts on coffee (Coffea arabica L.) quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101 (7), 2836-2845. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10914

Pérez, C., Pozza, E., Pozza., de Freitas, A., Silva, M., & da Silva, D. (2019). Impact of nitrogen and potassium on coffee rust. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 155 (1), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01765-4

Pilozo, W., Indacochea, B., Castro, A., Vera, M., & Ortega, J. (2022). Principales enfermedades causantes de la pérdida de rendimientos de los cultivos de café arábigo (Coffea arabica L.) en la zona sur de Manabí, Ecuador. UNESUM-Ciencias: Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria, 6 (2), 117-134.

Quevedo, J. (2014). Evaluación de tres niveles de sombra y aplicación de oxicloruro de cobre para el control de koleroga (Pellicularia koleroga Cooke), en el cultivo del café (Coffea arabica L.), en el patrimonio agrario colectivo Morelia, San Pedro Yepocapa, Chimaltenango, Guatemala, CA (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala).

Ramírez-Camejo, L. A., Eamvijarn, A., Díaz-Valderrama, J. R., Karlsen-Ayala, E., Koch, R., et al. (2022). Global analysis of Hemileia vastatrix populations shows clonal reproduction for the coffee leaf rust pathogen throughout most of its range. Phytopathology, 112, 643-652. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-21-0255-r

Ramos, J., de Resende, M., & Andrade, M. (2022). Quantification of cercosporin from coffee leaves infected by Cercospora coffeicola. Australasian Plant Pathology, 51, 429–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-022-00868-7

Ravindran, K., Sivaramakrishnan, S., Hussain, M., Dash, C. K., Bamisile, B. S., Qasim, M., & Liande, W. (2018). Investigation and molecular docking studies of bassianolide from Lecanicillium lecanii against Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-toxicology & Pharmacology, 206-207, 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.03.004

Rayner, R. W. (1961). Germination and penetration studies on coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix B. & Br.). Annals of Applied Biology, 49(3), 497-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1961.tb03641.x

Rodrigues, C. (1990). Coffee rusts: history, taxonomy, morphology, distribution and host resistance. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 15, 5–9.

Rosseti, V., Alves, M., Clement, C. (1982). Ocorrência de Pellicularia koleroga empomare scítricosna amazonia. Fitopatolgia Brasileira 7, 518-526.

Samuels, G. J., Ismaiel, A., Rosmana, A., Junaid, M., Guest, D., McMahon, P. L., Keane, P. J., Purwantara, A., Lambert, S., Rodriguez-Carres, M., & Cubeta, M. A. (2012). Vascular streak dieback of cacao in southeast Asia and Melanesia: in planta detection of the pathogen and a new taxonomy. Fungal Biology, 116(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2011.07.009

Segura-Escobar, M. (2017). Efectos de la sombra de cashá (Chloroleucon eurycyclum) en el cultivo del café (Coffea arabica) sobre los procesos de esporulación, dispersión a través del agua y deposición de Hemileia vastatrix, en Turrialba, Costa Rica. http://agritrop.cirad.fr/583603/

Sera, G., Sera, T., Ito, D., Azevedo, J., Mata, J., Doi, D., & Ribeiro, C. (2007). Selection for durable resistance to leaf rust using test-crosses on IAPAR-59 and Tupi IAC 1669-33 cultivars of Coffea arabica. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 50 (4), 565-570. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132007000400001

Sera, G., de Carvalho, C., de Rezende, J., Pozza, E., Matiello, J., et al. (2022). Coffee leaf rust in Brazil: Historical events, current situation, and control measures. Agronomy, 12 (2), 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020496

Schieber, E., & Sánchez, A. (1982). First report of Coffee rust in Guatemala. Plant Disease, 66, 855-856.

Shattock, R. C., & Preece, T. F. (2000). Tranzschel revisited: modern studies of the relatedness of different rust fungi confirm his law. Mycologist, 14(3), 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(00)80086-5

Shigueoka, L., Sera, G., Sera, T., Fonseca, I., Mariucci, V., et al. (2014). Seleção de progênies de café arábica com resistência à ferrugem alaranjada. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 14 (2), 88-93. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332014v14n2a16.

Silva, H., Tozzi, J., Terrasan, C., & Bettiol, W. (2012). Endophytic microorganisms from coffee tissues as plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents of coffee leaf rust. Biological Control, 63 (1), 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.06.005

Sirinunta A., & Akarapisan, A. (2015). Screening ofantagonistic bacteria for controlling Cercospora coffeicola in arabica coffee. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 11(5): 1209-1218.

Sotomayor, H.I. & Duicela, G.L. (1995). Control Integrado de las principales enfermedades foliares del cafeto en el Ecuador. Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue. Programa Nacional de Cacao y Café Quevedo – Ecuador. P 49.

Souza, A. G. C., Maffia, L. A., & Mizubuti, E. S. G. (2012). Cultural and aggressiveness variability of Cercospora coffeicola. Journal of Phytopathology, 160(10), 540-546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2012.01947.x

Souza, A., Rodrigues, F., Maffia, L., & Mizubuti, E. (2010). Infection process of Cercospora coffeicola on coffee leaf. Journal of Phythopatology 159, 6-11. https://doi.org710.1111/j.1439-0434.2010.01710.x

Sudhakar, B., & Shankara, B. (1992). In vitro studies on the efficacy of fungicides against Koleroga noxia on Coffee. Coffee Research, 22, 57-64.

Sudhakar, B., & Shankara, B. (1995). Effect of bavistin 50 WP and Bordeaux mixture for the control of black rot and their impact on coffee yield. Coffee Research, 25, 35-41.

Sutton, C., & Peng, G. (1993). Manipulation and vectoring of biocontrol organisms to manage foliage and fruit diseases. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 1, 473-493.

Swamy, K. M., Naik, M. K., ..., & Rekha, D. (2012). Survival ability of Cercospora capsici infecting chilli (Capsicum annuum). Journal of Mycopathological Research, 50(2), 341-343.

Talhinhas, P., Batista, D., Diniz, I., Vieira, A., Silva, D., Loureiro, A., Tavares, S., Pereira, A., Azinheira, H., Guerra-Guimarães, L. Várzea, V., & Silva, M. (2017). The coffee leaf rust pathogen Hemileia vastatrix: one and a half centuries around the tropics. Molecular Plant Pathology, 18 (8), 1039-1051. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12512

Teferi, D., Adugna, G., Jafuka, C., Tesfaye, S., Zeru, A., & Mesfin, S. (2008). Dynamics of sporadic diseases of coffee in Ethiopia: A review. In: Diversity and Knowledge; Proceeding of National Workshop Four Decades of Coffee Research and Development in Ethiopia. pp. 267-270.

Tims, C, Mills, J, & Exner, B. (1954). Thread Blight (Pellicularia koleroga) in Louisiana. Plant Disease, 38, 634-637.

Vale, P. A. S., De Resende, M. L. V., Botelho, D. M. D. S., Pozza, E. A., Ogoshi, C., Monteiro, A., Costa, B. M., & Vasconcelos, V. D. (2019). Temperature, incubation time and virulence of Cercospora coffeicola in the production of cercosporin. Journal of Phytopathology, 167(7-8), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12802

Vale, P. A. S., de Resende, M. L. V., dos Santos Botelho, D. M. dos S., de Andrade, C. C., Alves, E., et al. (2021). Epitypification of Cercospora coffeicola and its involvement with two different symptoms on coffee leaves in Brazil. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 159, 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02170-y

Vásquez, G. (1983). Coffee rust in Mexico. Plant Disease, 67(4), 450. https://doi.org/10.1094/pd-67-450

Venkatarayan, S. (1949). The validity of the name Pellicularia koleroga Cooke. Indian Phytopathology, 2, 186–189.

Ventura, J., Costa, H., & Lima, I. (2017). Manejo de pragas do café conilon. In: Ferrão RG, da Fonseca AFA, Ferrão MAG, de Muner LH, editors. Café Conilon. Vitória, ES, 2nd ed., Incaper. p. 434–79.

Ventura, J., Costa, H., & Lima, I. (2019). Conilon coffee disease management. En R. G. Ferrão, A. F. A. da Fonseca, M. A. G. Ferrão & L. H. de Muner (Eds.), Conilon Coffee (3.a ed.). Incaper.

Vilela, M. S., Resende, L. S., Pozza, E. A., Netto, P. M., Roteli, K. de C., & Guimarães, R. J. (2022). Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization on the incidence of brown eye spot in coffee crop in vegetative stage. Tropical Plant Pathology, 47, 672–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-022-00523-y

Von Höhnel, F. (1910). Fragments Zur Mykologie. X. Sitzungber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math-Natur. Wiss. Klass. 199. 395.

Waller, J. M. (1982). Coffee rust – epidemiology and control. Crop Protection, 1, 385–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(82)90022-9

Wang, N., Jassogne, L., van Asten, P., Mukasa, D., Wanyama, I., Kagezi, G., & Giller, K. (2015). Evaluating coffee yield gaps and important biotic, abiotic, and management factors limiting coffee production in Uganda. European Journal of Agronomy, 63, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2014.11.003

Xie, T., Jiang, L., Li, J., Hong, B., Wang, X., & Jia, Y. (2019). Effects of Lecanicillium lecanii strain JMC-01 on the physiology, biochemistry, and mortality of Bemisia tabaci Q-biotype nymphs. Zoological Science, 7, e7690. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7690

Zambolim, L. (2016). Current status and management of coffee leaf rust in Brazil. Tropical Plant Pathology, 41 (1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-016-0065-9

Published

2023-09-18

How to Cite

Moreira-Morrillo, A. A. ., Vélez-Zambrano, J. P. ., Intra Moreira, S. ., & Garcés-Fiallos, F. R. . (2023). Diseases affecting the coffee crop: Elucidating the life cycle of Rust, Thread Blight and Cercospora Leaf Spot. Scientia Agropecuaria, 14(3), 395-412. https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2023.035

Issue

Section

Review Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)