Los alimentos como transmisores de virus: Una revisión

Teofilo Espinoza-Tellez; Roberto Quevedo-León; Yennifer Ávila-Pizarro

doi:10.17268/sci.agropecu.2022.003

Autores/as

Teofilo Espinoza-Tellez Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Programa Fitogen, Universidad de Los Lagos, Av Alberto Fuchslocher 1305, Región de los Lagos, Osorno.
Roberto Quevedo-León Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Programa Fitogen, Universidad de Los Lagos, Región de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile, Av Alberto Fuchslocher 1305. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8132-838X
Yennifer Ávila-Pizarro Departamento de Salud, Universidad de Los Lagos, Región de los Lagos, Osorno. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2085-2166

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2022.003

Palabras clave:

virus, transmisión, alimentos, enfermedad, COVID-19

Resumen

Los virus han estado presentes a lo largo de la historia humana, provocando enfermedades por infecciones e intoxicaciones alimentarias; estos han causado frecuentes problemas de salud pública en todo el mundo. Estas enfermedades suelen ser de carácter leves, moderadas o graves para la salud. La higiene personal de los manipuladores de alimentos y de los procesos de elaboración deben ser controlados periódicamente. Los protocolos y las medidas de seguridad en la detección de virus deben ser revisada continuamente a medida que los virus cambien su forma de infección. El objetivo de esta revisión fue discutir las posibles rutas de transmisión de virus a humanos a través de los alimentos. Se han revisado temas importantes como: definición de virus alimentarios, presencia y tipos de virus en alimentos, virus entéricos, virus zoonótico, el agua como un medio de transmisión, riesgos de infección, otros alimentos no convencionales como potenciales transmisores de virus e inocuidad de alimentos, además en desafíos actuales y futuros, se deben buscar trabajos de investigación sobre virus más resistentes a los tratamientos térmicos en alimentos. También trabajos futuros en tiempo de sobrevivencia de virus activos en las superficies de los alimentos. Además, estudios que determinen los mecanismos de mutación de virus en relación con las condiciones del manejo y procesamientos de alimentos.

Biografía del autor/a

Roberto Quevedo-León , Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Programa Fitogen, Universidad de Los Lagos, Región de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile, Av Alberto Fuchslocher 1305.

Ingeniero en Industrias Alimentarias Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Perú 1992

Grado Académico: Magíster en Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos Universidad de Santiago de Chile 1996

Doctor en Ciencias de la Ingeniería de Alimentos Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile 2002

Yennifer Ávila-Pizarro, Departamento de Salud, Universidad de Los Lagos, Región de los Lagos, Osorno.

Licenciada en nutrición y dietética en la Universidad Santo Tomás 2012, magister en gestión alimentaria en servicios de alimentación y nutrición en la Universidad Católica de la santísima Concepción en el año 2020. Actualmente se desempeña como docente en el departamento de salud de la Universidad de Los Lagos.

Citas

Aboubakr, H. A., Williams, P., Gangal, U., Youssef, M. M., El-Sohaimy, S. A. A., et al. (2015). Virucidal Effect of Cold Atmospheric Gaseous Plasma on Feline Calicivirus, a Surrogate for Human Norovirus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(11), 3612-3622.

Acheson, D. (2021). Covid-19: Lasting impacts on the food industry, post the pandemic. Cereal Chemistry, 98, S11-S11.

Aditi, & Shariff, M. (2019). Nipah virus infection: A review. Epidemiology and Infection, 147, e95.

Alhadrami, H. A., Al-Amer, S., Aloraij, Y., Alhamlan, F., Chinnappan, R., Abu-Salah, K. M., et al. (2020). Development of a Simple, Fast, and Cost-Effective Nanobased Immunoassay Method for Detecting Norovirus in Food Samples. Acs Omega, 5(21), 12162-12165.

Ambrozic, M., Bozic, T., Jevsnik, M., Cook, N., & Raspor, P. (2011). Compliance of proposed codex alimentarius guidelines for virus management with principles of good practice. Acta Alimentaria, 40(3), 364-375.

Ang, B., Lim, T., & Wang, L. (2018). Nipah virus infection. J Clin Microbiol, 56(6), e01875-01817.

Anyangu, A. S., Gould, L. H., Sharif, S. K., Nguku, P. M., Omolo, J. O., Mutonga, D., et al. (2010). Risk Factors for Severe Rift Valley Fever Infection in Kenya, 2007. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83(2), 14-21.

Baert, L., Mattison, K., Loisy-Hamon, F., Harlow, J., Martyres, A., Lebeau, B., et al. (2011). Review: Norovirus prevalence in Belgian, Canadian and French fresh produce: A threat to human health? International Journal of Food Microbiology, 151(3), 261-269.

Baert, L., Uyttendaele, M., Stals, A., Coillie, E., Dierick, K., Debevere, J., & Botteldoorn, N. (2009). Brotes de transmisión alimentaria debidos a norovirus en Bélgica: el vínculo entre las investigaciones sobre alimentos y pacientes en un contexto internacional. Epidemiol Infect., 137(3), 316-325.

Bai, X., Campagnoli, M., Butot, S., Putallaz, T., Michot, L., & Zuber, S. (2020). Inactivation by osmotic dehydration and air drying of Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, hepatitis A virus and selected surrogates on blueberries. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 320, 8.

Barker, S. F., Amoah, P., & Drechsel, P. (2014). A probabilistic model of gastroenteritis risks associated with consumption of street food salads in Kumasi, Ghana: Evaluation of methods to estimate pathogen dose from water, produce or food quality. Science of the Total Environment, 487, 130-142.

Barrette, R. W., Metwally, S. A., Rowland, J. M., Xu, L. Z., Zaki, S. R., Nichol, S. T., et al. (2009). Discovery of Swine as a Host for the Reston ebolavirus. Science, 325(5937), 204-206.

Battistini, R., Rossini, I., Listorti, V., Ercolini, C., Maurella, C., & Serracca, L. (2020). HAV detection from milk-based products containing soft fruits: Comparison between four different extraction methods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 328, 5.

Beckman, J., & Countryman, A. M. (2021). The Importance of Agriculture in the Economy: Impacts from COVID-19JEL codes. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 103(5), 1595-1611.

Bellou, M., Kokkinos, P., & Vantarakis, A. (2013). Shellfish-Borne Viral Outbreaks: A Systematic Review. Food Environ Virol, 5, 13–23.

Bergeron, J. G., Mann, E. M., Farnham, M. W., Kennedy, S., Everstine, K., Prasarnphanich, O. O., et al. (2016). Rapid-response risk evaluation of Ebola spread via the food system. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 60(5-6), 1-12.

Bezerra, I. N. (2020). Away-from-home food during coronavirus pandemic. Public Health Nutrition, 23(10), 1855-1855.

Bidawid, S., Malik, N., Adegbunrin, O., Sattar, S. A., & Farber, J. M. (2004). Norovirus cross-contamination during food handling and interruption of virus transfer by hand antisepsis: Experiments with feline calicivirus as a surrogate. Journal of Food Protection, 67(1), 103-109.

Bigoraj, E., Kozyra, I., Kwit, E., & Rzeżutka, A. (2020). Detection of hepatitis E virus (rabbit genotype) in farmed rabbits entering the food chain. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 319, 1-30.

Bochud, M., Schafer, W., Roth, N. J., & Ros, C. (2019). Characterization of a quasi-enveloped, fast replicating hepevirus from fish and its use as hepatitis E virus surrogate. Journal of Virological Methods, 263, 111-119.

Bosch, A., Gkogka, E., Le Guyader, F. S., Loisy-Hamon, F., Lee, A., van Lieshout, L., et al. (2018). Foodborne viruses: Detection, risk assessment, and control options in food processing. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 285, 110-128.

Bosch, A., Sanchez, G., Abbaszadegan, M., Carducci, A., Guix, S., Le Guyader, F. S., et al. (2011). Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food. Food Analytical Methods, 4(1), 4-12.

Bouwknegt, M., Verhaelen, K., Rzeżutka, A., Kozyra, I., Maunula, L., Bonsdorff, C. H., et al. (2015). Modelo cuantitativo de evaluación de riesgos de la granja a la mesa para el norovirus y el virus de la hepatitis A en las cadenas de suministro de hortalizas de hoja verde y bayas en Europa. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 198, 50-58.

Brassard, J., Gagne, M. J., Genereux, M., & Cote, C. (2012). Detection of Human Food-Borne and Zoonotic Viruses on Irrigated, Field-Grown Strawberries. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(10), 3763-3766.

Butot, S., Galbusera, L., Putallaz, T., & Zuber, S. (2021). Electron beam susceptibility of enteric viruses and surrogate organisms on fruit, seed and spice matrices. Food and Environmental Virology, 13(2), 218-228.

Callejon, R. M., Rodriguez-Naranjo, M. I., Ubeda, C., Hornedo-Ortega, R., Garcia-Parrilla, M. C., & Troncoso, A. M. (2015). Reported Foodborne Outbreaks Due to Fresh Produce in the United States and European Union: Trends and Causes. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 12(1), 32-38.

Camp, J., Kannan, D., Osman, B., Shah, M., Howarth, B., Khafaga, T., et al. (2020). Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Endemicity in United Arab Emirates, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis, 26(5), 1019-1021.

Capece, G., & Gignac, E. (2020). Norovirus (Vol. 4.0 de Creative Commons). StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL).

Carvalho, S. V. D., Rogovski, P., Cadamuro, R. D., Viancelli, A., Michelon, W., dos Reis, D. A., et al. (2020). Co-contamination of food products from family farms in an environmental disaster area in Southeast Brazil with pathogenic bacteria and enteric viruses. Archives of Virology, 165(3), 715-718.

Clark, M., Warimwe, G., Di Nardo, A., Lyons, N., & Gubbins, S. (2018). Revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre la seroprevalencia del virus de la fiebre del Valle del Rift en el ganado, la vida silvestre y los seres humanos en África de 1968 a 2016. Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12(7), e0006627.

Cook, N., Bertrand, I., Gantzer, C., Pinto, R. M., & Bosch, A. (2018). Persistence of Hepatitis A Virus in Fresh Produce and Production Environments, and the Effect of Disinfection Procedures: A Review. Food and Environmental Virology, 10(3), 253-262.

Corman, V. M., Jores, J., Meyer, B., Younan, M., Liljander, A., Said, M. Y., et al. (2014). Antibodies against MERS Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels, Kenya, 1992-2013. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20(8), 1319-1322.

Cortese, R. D., Veiros, M. B., Feldman, C., & Cavalli, S. B. (2016). Food safety and hygiene practices of vendors during the chain of street food production in Florianopolis, Brazil: A cross-sectional study. Food Control, 62, 178-186.

D'Antonio, V., Serafini, M., & Battista, N. (2021). Dietary modulation of oxidative stress from edible insects: A mini-review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 642551.

Dahiya, S. S., Kumar, S., Mehta, S. C., Narnaware, S. D., Singh, R., & Tuteja, F. C. (2016). Camelpox: A brief review on its epidemiology, current status and challenges. Acta Trop, 158, 32-38.

Damena, D., Fusaro, A., Sombo, M., Belaineh, R., Heidari, A., Kebede, A., et al. (2016). Characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolates obtained from outbreak cases in commercial chickens and wild pigeons in Ethiopia. Springerplus, 5, 8.

Davulis, T., Gaspareniene, L., & Raistenskis, E. (2021). Assessment of the situation concerning psychological support to the public and business in the extreme conditions: case of covid-19. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 8(3), 308-321.

De Borba, V. S., Rodrigues, M. H. P., & Badiale-Furlong, E. (2020). Impact of Biological Contamination of Rice on Food Safety. Food Reviews International, 36(8), 745-760.

de Miranda, J. R., Granberg, F., Onorati, P., Jansson, A., & Berggren, A. (2021). Virus prospecting in crickets-discovery and strain divergence of a novel iflavirus in wild and cultivated Acheta domesticus. Viruses, 13(3), 364.

de Oliveira, T. M. L., Guedes, M., Rehfeld, I. S., Matos, A. C. D., Rivetti, A. V., da Cunha, A. F., et al. (2018). Vaccinia virus detection in dairy products made with milk from experimentally infected cows. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 65(1), e40-e47.

de Souza, F. G., Lima, A. F., Girardi, V., Machado, T. G., Brandalise, V., Filippi, M., et al. (2020). Emerging Porcine adenovirus PAdV-SVN1 and other enteric viruses in samples of industrialized meat by-products. Ciencia Rural, 50(12). e20180931.

Deem, S. L., Fevre, E. M., Kinnaird, M., Browne, A. S., Muloi, D., & Godeke, G. J. (2017). Serological Evidence of MERS-CoV Antibodies in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Laikipia County, Kenya. PLoS One, 10(10), e0140125.

Dell, B. M., Souza, M. J., & Willcox, A. S. (2020). Attitudes, practices, and zoonoses awareness of community members involved in the bushmeat trade near Murchison Falls National Park, northern Uganda. PLoS One, 15(9), e0239599.

Duonamou, L., Konate, A., Djossou, S. D., Mensah, G. A., Xu, J. L., & Humle, T. (2020). Consumer perceptions and reported wild and domestic meat and fish consumption behavior during the Ebola epidemic in Guinea, West Africa. Peerj, 8.

Duraffour, S., Meyer, H., Andrei, G., & Snoeck, R. (2011). Camelpox virus. Antiviral Res, 92(2), 167-186.

Duret, S., Pouillot, R., Fanaselle, W., Papafragkou, E., Liggans, G., Williams, L., & Van Doren, J. M. (2017). Quantitative Risk Assessment of Norovirus Transmission in Food Establishments: Evaluating the Impact of Intervention Strategies and Food Employee Behavior on the Risk Associated with Norovirus in Foods. Risk Analysis, 37(11), 2080-2106.

Dutuze, M., Nzayirambaho, M., Mores, C., & Christofferson, R. (2018). Una revisión de los virus Bunyamwera, Batai y Ngari: Orthobunyavirus poco estudiados con posibles implicaciones para la salud. Front Vet Sci, 5(69), 1-9.

Dziedzinska, R., Krzyzankova, M., Bena, M., & Vasickova, P. (2020). Evidence of Hepatitis E Virus in Goat and Sheep Milk. Viruses-Basel, 12(12), 6.

Dzierzon, J., Oswaldi, V., Merle, R., Langkabel, N., & Meemken, D. (2020). High Predictive Power of Meat Juice Serology on the Presence of Hepatitis E Virus in Slaughter Pigs. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 17(11), 687-692.

Efsa. (2015). An update on the risk of transmission of Ebola virus via the food chain - Part 2 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Efsa Journal, 13(3), 4042.

Esteve-Jaramillo, A., & Lopez-Collada, V. L. R. (2012). Towards the eradication of poliomielitis: achievements and challenges in Mexico. Salud Pública de México, 54(5), 537-543.

Fatemizadeh, S. S., Yavarmanesh, M., & Habibi Najafi, M. B. (2017). Survival and partitioning of male-specific coliphage (MS2) as a surrogate for enteric viruses in the production process of traditional butter. Journal of Food Safety, 37(4), e12344.

Fathizadeh, H., Maroufi, P., Momen-Heravi, M., Dao, S., Köse, Ş., Ganbarov, K., et al. (2020). Protection and disinfection policies against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Infez Med, 28(2), 185-191.

Filipa-Silva, A., Parreira, R., Martinez-Puchol, S., Bofill-Mas, S., Crespo, M. T. B., & Nunes, M. (2020). The Unexplored Virome of Two Atlantic Coast Fish: Contribution of Next-Generation Sequencing to Fish Virology. Foods, 9(11), 1634.

Franklin, N., Hope, K., Glasgow, K., & Glass, K. (2020). Describing the Epidemiology of Foodborne Outbreaks in New South Wales from 2000 to 2017. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 17(11), 701-711.

Fumian, T. M., Leite, J. P. G., Marin, V. A., & Miagostovich, M. P. (2009). A rapid procedure for detecting noroviruses from cheese and fresh lettuce. Journal of Virological Methods, 155(1), 39-43.

Galimberti, A., Cena, H., Campone, L., Ferri, E., Dell'Agli, M., Sangiovanni, E., et al. (2020). Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 9.

Geng, Y. S., & Wang, Y. C. (2016). Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. In Y. Wang (Ed.), Hepatitis E Virus (Vol. 948, pp. 89-112).

Geoghegan, J. L., Di Giallonardo, F., Cousins, K., Shi, M., Williamson, J. E., & Holmes, E. C. (2018). Hidden diversity and evolution of viruses in market fish. Virus Evolution, 4(2), 11.

George, C. (2020). A case of recurrent chickenpox. British Journal of Dermatology, 182(4), E128-E128.

Ghadirzad, S., Yavarmanesh, M., & Najafi, M. B. H. (2018). Survival of male-specific coliphage (MS2) as a surrogate for enteric viruses in the production process of traditional ice cream. Journal of Food Safety, 38(3), e12450.

Ghosh, S. K., Lekshmi, M., Das, O., Kumar, S., & Nayak, B. B. (2019). Occurrence of Human Enteric Adenoviruses in Fresh Tropical Seafood from Retail Markets and Landing Centers. Journal of Food Science, 84(8), 2256-2260.

Gonzalez-Alejo, A. L., Ajuria, B., Manzano-Fischer, P., Flores, J. S., & Monachon, D. (2020). Alternative food networks and the reconfiguration of food environments in the time of covid-19 in Mexico. Finisterra-Revista Portuguesa De Geografia, 55(115), 197–203.

Haddow, A. D., Watt, T. R., Bloomfield, H. A., Shamblin, J. D., Dyer, D. N., & Harbourt, D. E. (2020). Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on Produce following a Low-Dose Aerosol Exposure. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(5), 2024-2025.

Hamisu, A. W., Shuaib, F., Johnson, T. M., Craig, K., Fiona, B., Banda, R., et al. (2018). Profile of polio-compatible cases in Nigeria, 2006-2016. Bmc Public Health, 18.

Hennechart-Collette, C., Martin-Latil, S., Fraisse, A., Niveau, F., & Perelle, S. (2020). Virological analyses in collective catering outbreaks in France between 2012 and 2017. Food microbiology, 91, 103546.

Hennechart-Collette, C., Martin-Latil, S., Guillier, L., & Perelle, S. (2015). Determination of which virus to use as a process control when testing for the presence of hepatitis A virus and norovirus in food and water. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 202, 57-65.

Hennechart-Collette, C., Niveau, F., Martin-Latil, S., Fraisse, A., & Perelle, S. (2019). Development of an extraction method to detect enteric viruses in dressed vegetables. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 311, 108349.

Henwood, A. F. (2020). Coronavirus disinfection in histopathology. Journal of Histotechnology, 43(2), 102-104.

Hepp, T., Marquart, P., Jauck, C., & Gefeller, O. (2021). Effects of the Covid-19 Restrictions on Supermarket Visits in Germany. Gesundheitswesen, 83(03), 166-172.

Hirneisen, K. A., Black, E. P., Cascarino, J. L., Fino, V. R., Hoover, D. G., & Kniel, K. E. (2010). Viral Inactivation in Foods: A Review of Traditional and Novel Food-Processing Technologies. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9(1), 3-20.

Hirneisen, K. A., Markland, S. M., & Kniel, K. E. (2011). Ozone Inactivation of Norovirus Surrogates on Fresh Produce. Journal of Food Protection, 74(5), 836-839.

Horm, K. M., & D'Souza, D. H. (2011). Survival of human norovirus surrogates in milk, orange, and pomegranate juice, and juice blends at refrigeration (4 degrees C). Food microbiology, 28(5), 1054-1061.

Huang, Hsu, Z., & Lai, Y. (2021). Raman spectroscopy for virus detection and the implementation of unorthodox food safety. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 116, 525-532.

Huang, M. X., Chen, H. T., Li, C. N., Liu, Y., Gan, C. J., Ahmed, M. A. E., et al. (2020). Rapid fulminant progression and mortality secondary to Aeromonas dhakensis septicemia with Hepatitis B virus infection following the ingestion of snakehead fish in Mainland China: A Case Report. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 17(12), 743-749.

Hughes, E. C., & Anderson, N. E. (2020). Zoonotic Pathogens of Dromedary Camels in Kenya: A Systematized Review. Veterinary Sciences, 7(3).

INE. (2019). Estimaciones y proyecciones de la población de chile 2002-2035 totales regionales, población urbana y rural. En: https://www.sica.int/download/?PRES_120260_1_23082019.pdf

Jacxsens, L., Stals, A., De Keuckelaere, A., Deliens, B., Rajkovic, A., & Uyttendaele, M. (2017). Quantitative farm-to-fork human norovirus exposure assessment of individually quick frozen raspberries and raspberry puree. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 242, 87-97.

Jo, W. K., Pfankuche, V. M., Lehmbecker, A., Martina, B., Rubio-Garcia, A., Becker, S., et al. (2018). Association of batai virus infection and encephalitis in harbor seals, Germany, 2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(9), 1691-1695.

Kastenmayer, R. J., Moak, H. B., Jeffress, E. J., & Elkins, W. R. (2010). Management and Care of African Dormice (Graphiurus kelleni). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 49(2), 173-176.

Kitajima, M., Ahmed, W., Bibby, K., Carducci, A., Gerba, C. P., Hamilton, K. A., et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: State of the knowledge and research needs. Science of The Total Environment, 739, 139076.

Kodish, S. R., Bio, F., Oemcke, R., Conteh, J., Beauliere, J. M., Pyne-Bailey, S., et al. (2019). A qualitative study to understand how Ebola Virus Disease affected nutrition in Sierra Leone-A food value-chain framework for improving future response strategies. Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13(9), e0007645.

Kokkinos, K., Karayannis, V., & Moustakas, K. (2020). Circular bio-economy via energy transition supported by Fuzzy Cognitive Map modeling towards sustainable low-carbon environment. Science of the Total Environment, 721, 137754.

Konowalchuk, J., & Speirs, J. I. (1975). Survival of enteric viruses on fresh fruit. Journal of Milk and Food Technology, 38(10), 598-600.

Kowalski, W., Walsh, T., & Petraitis, V. (2020). 2020 COVID-19 Coronavirus Ultraviolet Susceptibility. https://rblh.fiocruz.br/sites/rblh.fiocruz.br/files/usuario/80/85._2020_covid-19_coronavirus_ultraviolet_susceptibility.pdf

Kozak, G. K., MacDonald, D., Landry, L., & Farber, J. M. (2013). Foodborne Outbreaks in Canada Linked to Produce: 2001 through 2009. Journal of Food Protection, 76(1), 173-183.

Kozakiewicz, C. P., Burridge, C. P., Funk, W. C., Craft, M. E., Crooks, K. R., Fisher, R. N., et al. (2020). Does the virus cross the road? Viral phylogeographic patterns among bobcat populations reflect a history of urban development. Evolutionary Applications, 13(8), 1806-1817.

Kroeker, A. L., Smid, V., Embury-Hyatt, C., Collignon, B., Pinette, M., Babiuk, S., & Pickering, B. (2020). Increased Susceptibility of Cattle to Intranasal RVFV Infection. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 137.

Kurup, K. K., Manickam, P., & Gurav, Y. (2020). Infected food handlers led to an outbreak of hepatitis A in Ernakulam district, Kerala, Southern India, 2016. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 8(1), 308-312.

La Bella, G., Basanisi, M. G., Nobili, G., Terio, V., Suffredini, E., & La Salandra, G. (2021). First Report of Hepatitis E Virus in Shellfish in Southeast Italy. Applied Sciences, 11(1), 43.

La Rosa, G., Purpari, G., Guercio, A., Di Bella, S., Gucciardi, F., Proroga, Y. T. R., et al. (2018). Detection of Human Bocavirus Species 2 and 3 in Bivalve Shellfish in Italy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 84(7), e02754-17.

Lahrich, S., Laghrib, F., Farahi, A., Bakasse, M., Saqrane, S., & ElMhammedi, M. A. (2021). Review on the contamination of wastewater by COVID-19 virus: Impact and treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 751, 9.

Lee, S. J., Si, J., Yun, H. S., & Ko, G. (2015). Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Survival of Foodborne Viruses during Food Storage. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(6), 2075-2081.

Lekshmi, M., Das, O., Kumar, S., & Nayak, B. B. (2018). Occurrence of human enterovirus in tropical fish and shellfish and their relationship with fecal indicator bacteria. Veterinary World, 11(9), 1285-1290.

Lickness, J., Gardner, T., Diop, O., Chavan, S., Jorba, J., Ahmed, J., et al. (2020). Surveillance to track progress towards polio eradication worldwide, 2018–2019. Weekly epidemiological record, 21, 1-12.

Liljander, A., Meyer, B., Jores, J., Muller, M. A., Lattwein, E., Njeru, I., et al. (2016). MERS-CoV Antibodies in Humans, Africa, 2013-2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(6), 1086-1089.

Loh, P. C., Fujioka, R. S., & Lau, L. S. (1979). Recovery, survival and dissemination of human enteric viruses in ocean waters receiving sewage in hawaii. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 12(2), 197-217.

Lowther, J. A., Gustar, N. E., Powell, A. L., Hartnell, R. E., & Lees, D. N. (2012). Two-year systematic study to assess norovirus contamination in oysters from commercial harvesting areas in the United Kingdom. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(16), 5812-5817.

Lozano, A., Martinez, J. C., Uribe, J., Gomez, A., Figueredo, S. A., & Briceno, I. (2020). De curandis hominum morbis: An 18th century medical prescription in the Kingdom of New Granada for Measles and Smallpox. Biomedica, 40(3), 427-437.

Lutomiah, J., Musila, L., Makio, A., Ochieng, C., Koka, H., Chepkorir, E., et al. (2014). Ticks and tick-borne viruses from livestock hosts in arid and semiarid regions of the Eastern and Northeastern parts of Kenya. Journal of Medical Entomology, 51(1), 269-277.

Ma, N. L., Peng, W. X., Soon, C. F., Hassim, M. F. N., Misbah, S., Rahmat, Z., et al. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic in the lens of food safety and security. Environmental Research, 193, 110405.

Maciel-Vergara, G., & Ros, V. I. D. (2017). Viruses of insects reared for food and feed. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 147, 60-75.

Mackenzie, J. S., & Smith, D. W. (2020). COVID-19-A Novel Zoonotic Disease: A Review of the Disease, the Virus, and Public Health Measures. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 32(4), 145-153.

Maguiña Vargas, C. (2015). Enfermedad por el virus del Ébola. Revista Medica Herediana, 26(3), 195-201.

Malladi, S., Weaver, J. T., Lopez, K. M., Erickson, J. L., Lonsdale, P. S., Nezworski, J., et al. (2021). Surveillance and Sequestration Strategies to Reduce the Likelihood of Transporting Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Contaminated Layer Manure. Avian Diseases, 65(2), 219-226.

Mann, T. Z., Haddad, L. B., Williams, T. R., Hills, S. L., Read, J. S., Dee, D. L., et al. (2018). Breast milk transmission of flaviviruses in the context of Zika virus: A systematic review. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 32(4), 358-368.

Marti, E., & Barardi, C. R. M. (2016). Detection of human adenoviruses in organic fresh produce using molecular and cell culture-based methods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 230, 40-44.

Martinovic, T., Andjelkovic, U., Gajdosik, M. S., Resetar, D., & Josic, D. (2016). Foodborne pathogens and their toxins. Journal of Proteomics, 147, 226-235.

Maunula, L., Kaupke, A., Vasickova, P., Soderberg, K., Kozyra, I., Lazic, S., et al. (2013). Tracing enteric viruses in the European berry fruit supply chain. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 167(2), 177-185.

Maunula, L., Roivainen, M., Keranen, M., Makela, S., Soderberg, K., Summa, M., et al. (2009). Detection of human norovirus from frozen raspberries in a cluster of gastroenteritis outbreaks. Eurosurveillance, 14(49), 16-18.

McMichael, A. J. (2004). Influencias ambientales y sociales en las enfermedades infecciosas emergentes: pasado, presente y futuro. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 359(1447), 1049-1058.

Melotto, M., Brandl, M. T., Jacob, C., Jay-Russell, M. T., Micallef, S. A., Warburton, M. L., & Van Deynze, A. (2020). Breeding Crops for Enhanced Food Safety. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 14.

Mir, S. A., Shah, M. A., Mir, M. M., Dar, B. N., Greiner, R., & Roohinejad, S. (2018). Microbiological contamination of ready-to-eat vegetable salads in developing countries and potential solutions in the supply chain to control microbial pathogens. Food Control, 85, 235-244.

Miranda, R. C., & Schaffner, D. W. (2019). Virus risk in the food supply chain. Current Opinion in Food Science, 30, 43-48.

Miyashita, K., Kang, J. H., Saga, A., Takahashi, K., Shimamura, T., Yasumoto, A., et al. (2012). Three cases of acute or fulminant hepatitis E caused by ingestion of pork meat and entrails in Hokkaido, Japan: Zoonotic food-borne transmission of hepatitis E virus and public health concerns. Hepatology Research, 42(9), 870-878.

Mon, P. P., Thurain, K., Janetanakit, T., Nasamran, C., Bunpapong, N., Aye, A. M., et al. (2020). Swine influenza viruses and pandemic H1N1-2009 infection in pigs, Myanmar. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 67(6), 2653-2666.

Moreno, M., & Alarcón, A. (2010). Higiene alimentaria para la prevención de trastornos digestivos infecciosos y por toxinas. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes, 21(5), 749-755.

Müller, A., Collineau, L., Stephan, R., Müller, A., & D.C. Stärk, K. (2017). Assessment of the risk of foodborne transmission and burden of hepatitis E in Switzerland. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 242, 107-115.

Mullis, L., Saif, L. J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., & Azevedo, M. S. P. (2012). Stability of bovine coronavirus on lettuce surfaces under household refrigeration conditions. Food microbiology, 30(1), 180-186.

Munyua, P., Corman, V. M., Bitek, A., Osoro, E., Meyer, B., Muller, M. A., et al. (2017). No Serologic Evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection among Camel Farmers Exposed to Highly Seropositive Camel Herds: A Household Linked Study, Kenya, 2013. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96(6), 1318-1324.

Muñoz, C. d. V. P. (2019). Una amenaza latente para la humanidad. Revista chilena infectología, 36(1), 7-8.

Nakat, Z., & Bou-Mitri, C. (2021). COVID-19 and the food industry: Readiness assessment. Food Control, 121, 107661.

Nasheri, N., Vester, A., & Petronella, N. (2019). Foodborne viral outbreaks associated with frozen produce. Epidemiol Infection, 18, 147-e291.

Nayak, J., Mishra, M., Naik, B., Swapnarekha, H., Cengiz, K., & Shanmuganathan, V. (2021). An impact study of COVID-19 on six different industries: Automobile, energy and power, agriculture, education, travel and tourism and consumer electronics. Expert Systems, 2021, 1-32.

Nazneen, A., Rahman, M. Z., Sultana, S., Satter, S. M., Klena, J. D., Sturat, N. T., et al. (2019). Nipah virus infection in 2018-19 nipah season in bangladesh. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 101, 265-265.

Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., et al. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193.

Noguchi, Y., & Yamaguchi, K. (1984). Effects of food plants and stress agents on the development of disease in lepidopterous insects subjected to cross-infection with cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis viruses. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 28(1), 9-13.

O'Ryan, M. L., Vial, P. A., Mamani, N., Jiang, X., Estes, M. K., Ferrecio, C., et al. (1998). Seroprevalence of Norwalk virus and Mexico virus in Chilean individuals: Assessment of independent risk factors for antibody acquisition. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 27(4), 789-795.

Offerdahl, D. K., Clancy, N. G., & Bloom, M. E. (2016). Stability of a Tick-Borne Flavivirus in Milk. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 4, 40.

Oka, T., Wang, Q., Katayama, K., & Saif, L. J. (2015). Comprehensive review of human sapoviruses. Clinical microbiology reviews, 28(1), 32-53.

Okitsu, S., Khamrin, P., Takanashi, S., Thongprachum, A., Hoque, S. A., Takeuchi, H., et al. (2020). Molecular detection of enteric viruses in the stool samples of children without diarrhea in Bangladesh. Infection Genetics and Evolution, 77, 104055.

Ong, S. W. X., Tan, Y. K., Chia, P. Y., Lee, T. H., Ng, O. T., Wong, M. S. Y., & Marimuthu, K. (2020). Air, Surface Environmental, and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) From a Symptomatic Patient. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(16), 1610-1612.

Onosi, O., Upfold, N. S., Jukes, M. D., Luke, G. A., & Knox, C. (2020). The First Detection of Human Bocavirus Species 2 and 3 in Raw Sewage and Mussels in South Africa. Food and Environmental Virology, 12(1), 84-88.

Ordonez-Araque, R., & Egas-Montenegro, E. (2021). Edible insects: A food alternative for the sustainable development of the planet. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 23.

Oyaizu, H., Tang, H. M., Ota, M., Takenaka, N., Ozono, K., Yamanishi, K., & Mori, Y. (2012). Complementation of the Function of Glycoprotein H of Human Herpesvirus 6 Variant A by Glycoprotein H of Variant B in the Virus Life Cycle. Journal of Virology, 86(16), 8492-8498.

Pallivalappil, B., Ali, A., Thulaseedharan, N., Karadan, U., Chellenton, J., Dipu, K. P., et al. (2020). Dissecting an outbreak: A clinico-epidemiological study of Nipah virus infection in Kerala, India, 2018. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 12(1), 21-27.

Parada-Fabian, J. C., Juarez-Garcia, P., Natividad-Bonifacio, I., Vazquez-Salinas, C., & Quinones-Ramirez, E. I. (2016). Identification of Enteric Viruses in Foods from Mexico City. Food and Environmental Virology, 8(3), 215-220.

Park, S. Y., Jung, Y. J., Kwon, J. Y., Kim, S. E., Jeong, M. I., & Ha, S. D. (2019). Application of high hydrostatic pressure for the inactivation of norovirus and quality stability in fresh sea squirt (Halocynthia roretzi). Food Science and Technology International, 25(7), 573-578.

Paszkiewicz, W., Kozyra, I., Bigoraj, E., Ziomek, M., & Rzezutka, A. (2016). A molecular survey of farmed and edible snails for the presence of human enteric viruses: Tracking of the possible environmental sources of microbial mollusc contamination. Food Control, 69, 368-372.

Pedreira, A., Taskin, Y., & Garcia, M. R. (2021). A Critical Review of Disinfection Processes to Control SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in the Food Industry. Foods, 10(2), 283.

Pimenta, A. I., Margaca, F. M. A., & Verde, S. C. (2019). Virucidal activity of gamma radiation on strawberries and raspberries. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 304, 89-96.

Pinto, R. M., Costafreda, M. I., & Bosch, A. (2009). Risk Assessment in Shellfish-Borne Outbreaks of Hepatitis A. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75(23), 7350-7355.

Polo, D., Feal, X., & Romalde, J. (2015). Mathematical model for viral depuration kinetics in shellfish: An useful tool to estimate the risk for the consumers. Food microbiology, 49, 220-225.

Powell, M. R. (2015). The food safety impact of the Codex sampling plans for Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods: An empirical case study applying the FAO/WHO sampling plan tool. Food Control, 58, 43-50.

Prabhurajeshwar, C., Desai, P. P., Waghmare, T., & Rashmi, S. B. (2020). An overview of bacteriophage therapy over antibiotics; as an alternative for controlling bacterial infections. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 11(3), 993-1006.

Prez, V. E., Martinez, L. C., Victoria, M., Giordano, M. O., Masachessi, G., Re, V. E., et al. (2018). Tracking enteric viruses in green vegetables from central Argentina: potential association with viral contamination of irrigation waters. Science of the Total Environment, 637, 665-671.

Purpari, G., Di Bella, S., Gucciardi, F., Macaluso, G., Mira, F., Barreca, S., et al. (2018). Detection of human enteric viruses from shellfish, vegetable and water samples collected in Sicily. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 73, 383-383.

Quevedo-león, R., Bastías, J. M., Espinoza, T., Ronceros, B., Balic, I., & Muñoz, O. (2020). Inactivation of Coronaviruses in food industry: The use of inorganic and organic disinfectants, ozone, and UV radiation. Scientia Agropecuaria, 11(2), 257 – 266.

Rehfeld, I. S., Fraiha, A. L. S., Matos, A. C. D., Guedes, M., Costa, E. A., de Souza, M. R., et al. (2017). Short communication: Survival of Vaccinia virus in inoculated cheeses during 60-day ripening (vol 100. pg 7051, 2017). Journal of Dairy Science, 100(10), 8632-8632.

Reina, J., & Reina, N. (2015). The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. [El coronavirus causante del síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio]. Medicina clinica, 145(12), 529-531.

Richards, T. J., & Rickard, B. (2020). COVID-19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics-Revue Canadienne D Agroeconomie.

Riou, P., Le Saux, J. C., Dumas, F., Caprais, M. P., Le Guyader, S. F., & Pommepuy, M. (2007). Microbial impact of small tributaries on water and shellfish quality in shallow coastal areas. Water Research, 41(12), 2774-2786.

Roldan, E. M., Rodriguez, E. E., Garcia, M. E., & Navajas, M. F. C. (2013). Prevalence of Hepatitis A Virus in Bivalve Molluscs Sold in Granada (Spain) Fish Markets. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 10(6), 528-532.

Roman-Alcala, A. (2020). Thoughts on the origins, present, and future of the coronavirus crisis: marginalization, food and housing, and grassroots strategies. Agriculture and Human Values, 37(3): 647–648.

Ronai, Z., & Egyed, L. (2020). Survival of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Goat Cheese and Milk. Food and Environmental Virology, 12(3), 264-268.

Rzezutka, A., & Cook, N. (2004). Survival of human enteric viruses in the environment and food. Fems Microbiology Reviews, 28(4), 441-453.

Samandoulgou, I., Fliss, I., & Jean, J. (2015). Zeta Potential and Aggregation of Virus-Like Particle of Human Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus Under Different Physicochemical Conditions. Food and Environmental Virology, 7(3), 249-260.

Sánchez, A., García-Galán, A., García, E., Gómez-Martín, A., De la Fe, C., Corrales, J., & Contreras, A. (2020). Exposición ocupacional a los virus influenza de las aves silvestres. Rev Esp Salud Pública., 94(1), 1-9.

Sands, P., El Turabi, A., Saynisch, P. A., & Dzau, V. J. (2016). Assessment of economic vulnerability to infectious disease crises. Lancet, 388(10058), 2443-2448.

Sarno, E., Martin, A., McFarland, S., Johne, R., Stephan, R., & Greiner, M. (2017). Estimación de la exposición al virus de la hepatitis E por el consumo de hígado y salchichas de hígado de cerdo. Food Control, 73, 821-828.

Schirone, M., Visciano, P., Tofalo, R., & Suzzi, G. (2017). Editorial: Biological Hazards in Food. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7.

Sciandra, I., Piccioni, L., Coltella, L., Ranno, S., Giannelli, G., Falasca, F., et al. (2020). Comparative analysis of 2 commercial molecular tests for the detection of gastroenteric viruses on stool samples. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 96(1), 114893.

Seleiman, M. F., Selim, S., Alhammad, B. A., Alharbi, B. M., & Juliatti, F. C. (2020). Will novel coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic impact agriculture, food security and animal sectors. Bioscience Journal, 36(4), 1315-1326.

Serafim, A. L., Hecktheuer, L. H. R., Stangarlin-Fiori, L., Medeiros, L. B., Martello, L., & Machado, C. E. (2015). Evaluation of the Implementation of Good Handling Practices in Food and Beverage Areas of Hotels. Journal of Food Protection, 78(11), 2043-2051.

Seymour, I. J., & Appleton, H. (2001). Foodborne viruses and fresh produce. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91(5), 759-773.

Sharma, S., Chatterjee, A., Kumar, P., Lal, S., & Kondabagil, K. (2020). Upregulation of miR-101 during Influenza A Virus Infection Abrogates Viral Life Cycle by Targeting mTOR Pathway. Viruses, 12(4), 444.

Shin, H., Park, H., Seo, D. J., Jung, S., Yeo, D., Wang, Z., et al. (2019). Foodborne Viruses Detected Sporadically in the Fresh Produce and Its Production Environment in South Korea. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 16(6), 411-420.

Siddiquei, M. I., & Khan, W. (2020). Economic implications of coronavirus. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(4), e2169.

Soon, J. M., & Wahab, I. R. A. (2021). On-site hygiene and biosecurity assessment: A new tool to assess live bird stalls in wet markets. Food Control, 127, 108108.

Tasiame, W., El-Duah, P., Johnson, S. A. M., Owiredu, E. W., Bleicker, T., Veith, T., et al. (2021). Rabies virus in slaughtered dogs for meat consumption in Ghana: A potential risk for rabies transmission. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 14266.

Terio, V., Bottaro, M., Di Pinto, A., Fusco, G., Barresi, T., Tantillo, G., & Martella, V. (2018). Occurrence of Aichi virus in retail shellfish in Italy. Food microbiology, 74, 120-124.

Tewari, A., & Abdullah, S. (2015). Bacillus cereus food poisoning: international and Indian perspective. Journal of Food Science and Technology-Mysore, 52(5), 2500-2511.

Thebault, A., Teunis, P. F. M., Le Pendu, J., Le Guyader, F. S., & Denis, J. B. (2013). Infectivity of GI and GII noroviruses established from oyster related outbreaks. Epidemics, 5(2), 98-110.

Tittonell, P., Fernandez, M., El Mujtar, V. E., Preiss, P. V., Sarapura, S., Laborda, L., et al. (2021). Emerging responses to the COVID-19 crisis from family farming and the agroecology movement in Latin America-A rediscovery of food, farmers and collective action. Agricultural Systems, 190, 103098.

Torok, V., Hodgson, K., McLeod, C., Tan, J., Malhi, N., & Turnbull, A. (2018). National survey of foodborne viruses in Australian oysters at production. Food microbiology, 69, 196-203.

Tuladhar, E., Hazeleger, W. C., Koopmans, M., Zwietering, M. H., Duizer, E., & Beumer, R. R. (2013). Transfer of noroviruses between fingers and fomites and food products. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 167(3), 346-352.

Upfold, N. S., Luke, G. A., & Knox, C. (2021). Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Water Sources and Shellfish: A Focus on Africa. Food and Environmental Virology, 13(1), 1-31.

van Broekhoven, S., Oonincx, D., van Huis, A., & van Loon, J. J. A. (2015). Growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of three edible mealworm species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on diets composed of organic by-products. Journal of Insect Physiology, 73, 1-10.

van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Karesh, W. B., & Munster, V. J. (2014). Stability of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Milk. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20(7), 1263-1264.

Van Doremalen, N., Schäfer, A., Menachery, V. D., Letko, M., Bushmaker, T., Fischer, R., et al. (2018). SARS-Like Coronavirus WIV1-CoV Does Not Replicate in Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Viruses, 10(12), 727.

Van Huis, A. (2013) Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. In: Vol. 58. Annual Review of Entomology (pp. 563-583).

Van Huis, A., Van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., & Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Vandeweyer, D., Lievens, B., & Van Campenhout, L. (2020). Identification of bacterial endospores and targeted detection of foodborne viruses in industrially reared insects for food. Nature Food, 1(8), 511-526.

Vega, M. R., & Manzanera, J. M. E. (2020). Food/nutrition education in the teaching degree curriculum: a study on changes in knowledge and eating habits. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 37(4), 830-837.

Villena, R., Wilhelm, J., Calvo, X., Cerda, J., Escobar, C., & Moreno, G. (2017). Opinión del Comité Consultivo de Inmunizaciones de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectología en relación a los brotes de hepatitis A en Chile. Revista chilena de infectología, 34(4), 371-373.

Vilne, B., Meistere, I., Grantina-Ievina, L., & Kibilds, J. (2019). Machine Learning Approaches for Epidemiological Investigations of Food-Borne Disease Outbreaks. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1722.

von Nordheim, M., Boinay, M., Leisi, R., Kempf, C., & Ros, C. (2016). Cutthroat Trout Virus Towards a Virus Model to Support Hepatitis E Research. Viruses, 8(10), 289.

Walker, G. J., Clifford, V., Bansal, N., Stella, A. O., Turville, S., Stelzer-Braid, S., et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 in human milk is inactivated by Holder pasteurisation but not cold storage. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 56(12), 1872-1874.

Wang, H. F., Guo, J., Zheng, L. J., Liu, S. Y., Wang, Z. R., & He, H. X. (2020). Detection of new antibiotic resistance gene profile in Escherichia coli associated with avian leukosis virus infection from broiler chickens. Biocell, 44(2), 217-224.

Weng, H. (2020). Analysis of prevention and control strategy of covid-19 epidemic in china based on the concept of one health: an opinion paper. Acta Medica Mediterranea, 36(2), 1167-1174.

Wielinga, P. R., & Schlundt, J. (2013). Food Safety: At the Center of a One Health Approach for Combating Zoonoses. In J. S. Mackenzie, M. Jeggo, P. Daszak, & J. A. Richt (Eds.), One Health: The Human-Animal-Environment Interfaces in Emerging Infectious Diseases: Food Safety and Security, and International and National Plans for Implementation of One Health Activities (Vol. 366, pp. 3-17). Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin.

Wiik-Nielsen, J., Gjessing, M., Solheim, H. T., Litlabo, A., Gjevre, A. G., Kristoffersen, A. B., et al. (2017). Ca. Branchiomonas cysticola, Ca. Piscichlamydia salmonis and Salmon Gill Pox Virus transmit horizontally in Atlantic salmon held in fresh water. Journal of Fish Diseases, 40(10), 1387-1394.

Woodall, J. P., & Roz, A. (1977). Experimental milk-borne transmission of powassan virus in goat. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 26(1), 190-192.

World Health Organization. (2020). Surveillance to track progress towards polio eradication worldwide, 2018–2019. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 95(21), 229-240.

Yamashita, T., Sakae, K., Ishihara, Y., Isomura, S., & Utagawa, E. (1993). Prevalence of newly isolated, cytopathic small round virus (Aichi strain) in Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 31(11), 2938-2943.

Yekta, R., Vahid-Dastjerdi, L., Norouzbeigi, S., & Mortazavian, A. M. (2021). Food products as potential carriers of SARS-CoV-2. Food Control, 123, 107754.

Yuan, J. J., Lu, Y. L., Cao, X. H., & Cui, H. T. (2020). Regulating wildlife conservation and food safety to prevent human exposure to novel virus. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 6(1), 4.

Yuan, Y., Qi, J. X., Peng, R. C., Li, C. R., Lu, G. W., Yan, J. H., et al. (2020). Molecular Basis of Binding between Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and CD26 from Seven Bat Species. Journal of Virology, 94(5), e01387-19.

Zeneli, A., Altini, M., Bragagni, M., Gentili, N., Prati, S., Golinucci, M., et al. Montalti, S. (2020). Mitigating strategies and nursing response for cancer care management during the COVID-19 pandemic: an Italian experience. International Nursing Review, 67(4), 543-553.

Zhou, Y., Feng, L., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, S. Y., & Wu, T. J. (2021). Spatiotemporal patterns of the COVID-19 control measures impact on industrial production in Wuhan using time-series earth observation data. Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, 103388.