Dynamics of a Delayed Predator–Prey Model with Fear Effect, Adaptive Refuge, and Alternative Food
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17268/sel.mat.2026.01.08Keywords:
Predator-prey model, fear effect, Hopf bifurcation, sensitivity analysis, time delayAbstract
In this work, a delayed predator–prey model with fear effect, adaptive refuge, and alternative food supply is investigated. Fundamental properties including positivity, boundedness, permanence, and stability are established analytically. The results show that temporal delay may destabilize the coexistence equilibrium and generate sustained oscillations through Hopf bifurcation. Numerical simulations together with global sensitivity analysis based on PRCC and Sobol indices reveal that delay and alternative food are the dominant mechanisms governing oscillatory behavior and ecological stability.
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