Extraction of flavonoids from Mucuna pruriens seeds by ultrasound: Evaluation of their antioxidant properties and toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2026.036Keywords:
Velvet bean, ultrasound extraction, Box–Behnken design, antioxidant compounds, Caenorhabditis elegansAbstract
Traditional methods for extracting bioactive compounds from Mucuna pruriens involve high solvent use, long extraction times, and low yields. As a result, finding more efficient extraction techniques remains an important research focus. In this context, ultrasound-assisted extraction has become a promising alternative for extracting flavonoids from M. pruriens. These compounds play a crucial role in various applications, including nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, medicine, and cosmetics. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the extraction yield of flavonoid content from Mucuna pruriens seeds by employing a Box-Behnken Design, focusing on the effects of ultrasound power, pulse cycle, and extraction time as factors, and using an acidified ethanol-water solution (80:20 v/v plus 2% HCl 2N) as the extraction solvent. Under optimal conditions, the ultrasound-assisted extraction method yielded a higher flavonoid content (77.30 µg/mL) than the magnetic stirring technique (60.92 µg/mL). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified and quantified significant amounts of gallocatechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggested the presence of additional compounds, including amino acids, proteins, glycerides, aliphatic compounds, and alkaloids. Antioxidant assessments indicated that the optimal ultrasound conditions enhanced antioxidant activity in the DPPH and FRAP assays (323.51 and 259.07 mmol TE/g, respectively) compared to the conventional extraction method (294.13 and 164.19 mmol TE/g, respectively). Toxicity evaluations were conducted by exposing C. elegans to varying concentrations of extracts from both methods for 24 h, with LC50 values calculated at 143.65 µg/mL for the ultrasound extract under optimal conditions and 132.18 µg/mL for the magnetic stirring method. These findings provide support for the functional applications of Mucuna pruriens flavonoids as natural antioxidants.
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