El compostaje en agroecología: Efectos sobre la estructura del suelo, la disponibilidad de nutrientes y los microorganismos beneficiosos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2026.015Palabras clave:
Ciclo de nutrientes, Materia orgánica, Resiliencia de cultivos, SostenibilidadResumen
El compostaje es una estrategia clave en la agroecología, que mejora la fertilidad del suelo sin generar efectos negativos en el ambiente. A diferencia de los fertilizantes sintéticos, el compost promueve la regeneración del suelo al incrementar su contenido de materia orgánica, mejorar su estructura y estimular la actividad microbiana beneficiosa. Este artículo de revisión analiza cómo el compostaje optimiza las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo, aumentando su capacidad de retención de agua, la disponibilidad de nutrientes esenciales como nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, y fortaleciendo la resiliencia de los cultivos frente a enfermedades y estrés ambiental. Se comparan distintos métodos de compostaje, como el vermicompostaje, el compostaje en hileras y el Bokashi, evidenciando que, independientemente del método utilizado, el compost no contribuye a la degradación del suelo, sino que lo enriquece de manera sostenible. Además, se destaca el papel de los microorganismos clave en la mineralización de nutrientes y la mejora del microbioma del suelo, asegurando un suministro equilibrado y de liberación lenta para las plantas. Finalmente, se discuten estrategias innovadoras para optimizar la calidad del compost mediante el uso de inóculos microbianos y enmiendas naturales, consolidando su papel como alternativa sostenible para una producción agrícola eficiente y ambientalmente responsable.
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