Galactooligosacáridos: producción, beneficios para la salud, aplicación en alimentos y perspectivas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2015.01.07Palavras-chave:
Alimentos funcionales, fibra dietaria, β-galactosidasa, reacción de transgalactosilación, oligosacáridos transgalactosilados, ingredientes bioactivosResumo
Sintetizados a partir de la transgalactosilación de la lactosa, los galactooligosacáridos son carbohidratos no digeribles, siendo clasificados como ingredientes prebióticos de alto valor añadido. Estudios recientes atribuyen a estos oligosacáridos una serie de potenciales beneficios para la salud y prevención de enfermedades. Esta revisión aborda aspectos de la producción de estos compuestos y sus propiedades físicas y químicas, relacionándolos con su aplicación en la industria alimentaria. Más aún, se presentan los efectos fisiológicos y las perspectivas previstas para estos azúcares no convencionales desde la situación actual.Referências
Ait-Aissa, A.; Aider, M. 2014. Lactulose: production and use in functional food, medical and pharmaceutical applications. Practical and critical review. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 49: 1245-1253.
Ansari, S.A.; Husain, Q. 2010. Lactose hydrolysis by β-galactosidase immobilized on concanavalin A-cellulose in batch and continuous mode. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 63: 68-74.
Barreteau, H.; Delattre, C.; Michaud, P. 2006. Production of oligosaccharides as promising new food additive generation.Food Technology and Biotechnology 44(3): 323-333.
Becerra, M.; Baroli, B.; Fadda, A.M.; Mendez, J.B.; Gonzalez Siso, M I. 2001. Lactose bioconversion by calcium-alginate immobilization of Kluyveromyces lactis cells. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 29: 506-512.
Bicas, J.L.; Silva, J.C.; Dionísio, A.P.; Pastore, G. M. 2010. Biotechnological production of bioflavors and functional sugars. Ciência e Tecnologiade Alimentos 30(1): 7-18
Business Wire. 2014. Research and Markets: Global Functional Food and Nutraceuticals Market 2013-2018 - Analysis of the $175 Billion Industry, publicado on-line em14 de abril de 2014. Disponível em: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140414005944/en/Research-Markets-Global-Functional-Food-Nutraceuticals-Market#.VHvS-THF9qU.
Blundell, J. 2010. Making claims: functional foods for managing appetite and weight. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 6: 53-56.
Bruno-Barcena, J.M.; Azcarate-Peril, M.A. 2015. Galacto-oligosaccharides and colorectal cancer: feeding our intestinal probiome. Journal of Functional Foods 12: 92-108.
Carvalho, W.; Canilha, L.; Silva, S.S. 2006. Uso de biocatalisadores imobilizados: uma alternativa para a condução de bioprocessos. Revista Analytica 23: 60-70
Cardelle-Cobas, A.; Corzo, N.; Olano, A.; Peláez, C.; Requena, T.; Ávila, M. 2011. Galactooligosaccharides derived from lactose and lactulose: Influence of structure on Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium growth. International Journal of Food Microbiology 149: 81-87.
Chen, C.S.; Hsu, C.K.; Chiang, B.H. 2002. Optimization of the enzymic process for manufacturing low-lactose milk containing oligosaccharides. Process Biochemistry 38: 801-808.
Chong, E.S.L. 2014. A potential role of probiotics in colorectal cancer prevention: review of possible mechanisms of action. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30: 351–374.
Delgado, G.T.C.; Tamashiro, W.M.S.C.; Pastore, G.M. 2010. Immunomodulatory effects of fructans. Food Research International 43: 1231-1236.
Dwevedi, A.; Kayastha, A.M. 2009. Optimal immobilization of β-galactosidase from Pea (PsBGAL) onto Sephadex and chitosan beads using response surface methodology and its applications. Bioresource Technology 100: 2667-2675.
Dwivedi, S.; Sahrawat, K.; Puppala, N.; Ortiz, R. 2014. Plant prebiotics and human health: Biotechnology to breed prebiotic-rich nutritious food crops. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 17: 238–245.
Ebrahimi, M.; Placido, L.; Engel, L.; Ashaghi, K.S.; Czermak, P A. 2010. novel ceramic membrane reactor system for the continuous enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides. Desalination 250: 1105-1108.
Fai, A.E.C.; Silva, J.B.; Andrade, C.J.; Bution, M.L.; Pastore, G.M. 2014. Production of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides from lactose by Pseudozyma tsukubaensis and Pichia kluyveri. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 03: 343-350.
Fai, A.E.C.; Stamford, T.C.M.; Stamford, T.L.M. ; Kawaguti, H.Y.; Thomazelli, I.; Pastore, G. M. 2014. Synthesis of galactooligosaccharides from lactose by β- galactosidase immobilized on glutaraldehyde-treated chitosan. In: Campana Filho, S.C.; Beppu, M.M.; Fiamingo, A. (Editores.). Advances in Chitin Science XIV (1aed), editora IQSC, São Carlos.
Frenzel, M.; Zerge, K.; Clawin-Radecker, I.; Lorenzen, P.C. 2015. Comparison of the galactooligosaccharide forming activity ofdifferent b-galactosidases. LWT - Food Science and Technology 60: 1068-1071.
García-Cayuela,T.; Díez-Municio, M.; Herrero, M. 2014. Selective fermentation of potential prebiotic lactose-derived oligosaccharides by probiotic bacteria, International Dairy Journal 38: 11-15.
Gaur, R.; Pant, H.; Jain, R.; Khare, S.K. 2006. Galacto-oligosaccharide synthesis by immobilized Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase. Food Chemistry 97: 426-430.
Giese, E.C.; Hirosi, T.; Silva, M.L.C.; Silva, R.; Barbosa, A.M. 2011. Produção, propriedades e aplicações de oligossacarídeos. Semina: Ciências Agrárias 32(2): 683-700.
Goslin, A.; Stevens, G.; Barber, A.R.; Kentish, S.E.; Gras, S.L. 2010. Recent advances refining galactooligo-saccharide production from lactose. Food Chemistry 121 (2): 307-318.
Gosling, A.; Alftrén, J.; Stevens, G.W.; Barber, A.R.; Kentish, S.E.; Gras, S.L. 2009. Facile pretreatment of Bacillus circulans β-Galactosidase increases the yield of galactosyl oligosaccharides in milk and lactose reaction systems. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59(7): 3366-3372.
Goulas, A.; Tzortzis, G.; Gibson, G.R. 2007. Development of a process for the production and purification of α- and β-galactooligosaccharides from Bifidobacterium bifidum NCIMB 41171. International Dairy Journal 17: 648-656.
Granato, D.; Branco, G.F.; Nazzaro, F.; Cruz, A.G.; Faria, J.A.F. 2010. Functional foods and nondairy probiotic food development: trends, concepts, and products. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9: 292-302.
Grosová, Z.; Rosenberg, M.; Rebros, M. 2008. Perspectives and applications of immobilized β-galactosidase in food industry – a review. Czech. Journal Food Sciences 26 (1): 1-14.
Haider, T.; Husain, Q. 2009. Hydrolysis of milk/whey lactose by β-galactosidase: a comparative study of stirred batch process and packed bed reactor prepared with calcium alginate entrapped enzyme. Chemical Engineering and Processing 48: 576-580.
Huber, R.E.; Kurz, G.; Wallenfels, K.A. 1976. Quantitation of the factors which affect the hydrolase and transgalactosylase activities of β-galactosidase (E. coli) on lactose. Biochemistry 15(9): 1994–2001.
Intanon, M.; Arreola, S.L.; Pham, N.H.; Kneifel, W.; Haltrich, D.; Nguyen, T.H. 2014. Nature and biosynthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides related to oligosaccharides in human breast milk. FEMS Microbiology Letters 353: 89-97.
Jovanovic-Malinovska, R.; Kuzmanova, S.; Winkelhausen, E. 2015. Application of ultrasound for enhanced extraction of prebiotic oligosaccharides from selected fruits and vegetables. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 22: 446-453.
Kaur, G.; Panesar, P.S.; Bera, M.B.; Kumar, H. 2009. Hydrolysis of whey lactose using CTAB-permeabilized yeast cells. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 32: 63-67.
Kaur, N.; Gupta, A.K. 2002. Applications of inulin and oligofructose in health and nutrition. Journal of Biosciences 27: 703-714.
Kim, J.H.; Lee, D.H.; Lee, J.S. 2001. Production of Galactooligosaccharide by β-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces maxianus var lactis OE-20. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 6: 337-340.
Lee, Y.J.; Kim, C.S.; Oh, D.K. 2004. Lactulose production by β-galactosidase in permeabilized cells of Kluyveromyces lactis. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 64: 787-793.
Li, Z.; Xiao, M.; Lu, L.; Li, Y. 2008. Production of non-monosaccharide and high-purity galactooligosaccha-rides by immobilized enzyme catalysis and fermentation with immobilized yeast cells. Process Biochemistry 43: 896-899.
Mahoney, R. R. 1998. Galactosyl-oligosaccharide forma-tion during lactose hydrolysis: a review. Food Chemistry 63: 147-154.
Mahoney, R.R. 2003. β-Galactosidase In: Whitaker, J.R.; Voragen, A.G.J.; Wong, D.W.S. (Eds). Handbook of Food Enzymology, Edit. Marcel Dekker, Inc, NY.
Manera, A. P.; Costa, F. A. A.; Rodrigues, M. I.; Kalil, S. J.; Maugeri Filho, F. 2010. Galacto-oligosaccharides Production using permeabilized cells of Kluyveromyces marxianus. International Journal of Food Engineering 6(6): 1556-3758.
Marín-Navarro, N.; Talens-Perales, D.; Oude-Vrielink, A.; Cañada, F.J.; Polaina, J. 2014. Immobilization of thermostable b-galactosidase on epoxy support and its use for lactose hydrolysis and galactooligosaccharides biosynthesis. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30: 989-998.
Martins, A; R, Burkert, C.A.V. 2009. Revisão galacto-oligossacarídeos (GOS) e seus efeitos prebióticos e bifidogênicos. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology 12(3): 230-240.
Michelon, M.; Manera, A.P.; Carvalho, A.L.; Filho, F.M. 2014. Concentration and purification of galacto-oligosaccharides using nanofiltration membranes. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 49: 1953-1961.
Montilla, A.; Megías-Pérez, R.; Olano, A.; Villamiel, M. 2015. Presence of galactooligosaccharides and furosine in special dairy products designed for elderly people. Food Chemistry 172: 481-485.
Mussatto, S.I.; Mancilha, I.M. 2007. Non-digestible oligosaccharides: a review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 68(3): 587-597.
Nakakuki, T. 2002. Present status and future of functional oligosaccharide development in Japan. Pure and Applied Chemistry 74(7): 1245–1251.
Neri, D.F.M.; Balcão, V.M.; Costa, R.S.; Rocha, I.C.A.P.; Ferreira, E.M.F.C.; Torres, D.P.M.; Rodrigues, L.R.M.; Carvalho Júnior, L.B.; Teixeira, J.A. 2009. Galacto-oligosaccharides production during lactose hydrolysis by free Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase and immobilized on magnetic polysiloxane-polyvinyl alcohol. Food Chemistry 115: 92-99.
Onishi, N., Yamashiro, A., Yokozeki, K. 1995. Production of galactooligosaccharide from lactose by Sterigmatomyces elviae CBS8119. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 4022-4025.
Onishi, N.; Kira, I.; Yokozeki, K. 1996. Galacto-oligosaccharide production from lactose by Sirobasidium magnum CBS6803.Letters in Applied Microbiology 23: 253-256.
Onishi, N.; Tanaka, T. 1998. Galacto-oligosaccharide production using a recycling cell culture of Sterigmatomyces elviae CBS8119. Letters in Applied Microbiology 26: 136-139.
Ooi, L.G.; Liong, M.T. 2010. Cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotics and prebiotics: a review of in vivo and in vitro findings. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 11: 2499-2522.
Otieno, D.O. 2010. Synthesis of β-galactooligosaccharides from lactose using microbial β-galactosidases. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9: 471-482.
Panesar, S.; Kumari, S.; Panesar, R. 2010. Potential applications of immobilized β-galactosidase in food processing industries. Enzyme Research 2010: 473137, 16p. doi:10.4061/2010/473137.
Park, A.R, Oh, D.K. 2010. Galacto-oligosaccharide production using microbial β-galactosidase: current state and perspectives. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 85: 1279-1286.
Péris, P.G.; Gimeno, C.V. 2007. Evolución en el conocimiento de la fibra. Nutrición Hospitalaria 22 (2): 20-25.
Pessela, B.C.C.; Fernádez-Lafuente, R.; Fuentes, M.; Vián, L.; García, J.L.; Carrascosa, A.V.; Mateo, C.; Guisánb, J.M. 2003. Reversible immobilization of a thermophilic β-galactosidase via ionic adsorption on PEI-coated Sepabeads. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 32: 369-374.
Petrova, V.Y.; Kujumdzieva, A.V. 2010. Thermotolerant yeast strains producers of galactooligosaccharides. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 24(1): 1612-1619.
Playne, M.J.; Crittenden, R.G. 2009. Galacto-oligosaccharides and other products derived from lactose. In: Lactose, Water, Salts and Minor Constituents. Editora: Springer, Nova York.
Rastall, R. A. 2004. Bacteria in the gut: Friends and foes and how to alter the balance. Journal of Nutrition 134(8): 2022S–2026.
Rastall, R. A. 2013. Gluco and galacto-oligosaccharides in food: update on health effects and relevance in healthy nutrition. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care: 16(6): 675-678.
Rastall, R. A.; Gibson G.R. 2015. Recent developments in prebiotics to selectively impact beneficial microbes and promote intestinal health. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 32: 42-46.
Roberfroid, M. 2007. Prebiotics: The Concept Revisited. Journal of Nutrition 137: 830-837.
Roberfroid, M.B. 2002. Functional food concept and its application to prebiotics. Digestive and Liver Disease 34(2): 105-110.
Rodriguez-Colinas, B.; Fernandez-Arrojo, L.; Ballesteros, A.O.; Plou, F.J. 2014. Galactooligosaccharides formation during enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose: Towards a prebiotic-enriched milk, Food Chemistry 145: 388–394.
Roy, D.; Daoudi, L.; Azaola, A. 2002. Optimization of galacto-oligosaccharide production by Bifidobacterium infantis RW-8120 using response surface methodology. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 29: 281-285.
Rustom, I.Y.S; Foda, M.I.; López Leiva, M.H. 1998. Formation of oligosaccharides from whey UF-permeate by enzymatic hydrolysis: analysis of factors. Food chemistry 62(2): 141-147.
Sako, T.; Matsumoto, K.; Tanaka, R. 1999. Recent progress on research and applications of non-digestible galacto-oligosaccharides. International Dairy Journal 9: 69-80.
Santos, E.F.; Tsuboi, K.H.; Araújo, M.R.; Andreollo, N.A.; Miyasaka, C.K. 2011. Influência da dieta com galactooligossacarídeos sobre a absorção de cálcio em ratos normais e gastrectomizados. Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões 38(3): 186-191.
Santos, R.; Simiqueli, A.P.R.; Pastore, G.M. 2009. Produção de galactooligossacarídeo por Scopulariopis sp. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos 29(3): 682-689.
Scholz-Ahrens, K.E.; Ade, P.; Marten, B.; Weber, P.; Timm, W.; Açil, Y.; Gluer, C.C.; Schrezenmeir, J. 2007. Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics affect mineral absorption, bone mineral content, and bone structure. Journal of Nutrition 137: 838S-46S.
Schwab, C.; Ganzle, M. 2011. Lactic acid bacteria fermentation of human milk oligosaccharide components, human milkoligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides. FEMS Microbiology Letters 315: 141-148.
Sousa, V.M.C.; Santos, E.F.; Sgarbieri, V.C. 2011. The importance of prebiotics in functional foods and clinical practice. Food and Nutrition Sciences 2: 133-144.
Torres, D.P.M.; Gonçalves, M.P.F.; Teixeira, J.A.; Rodrigues, L.R. 2010. Galacto-oligosaccharides: production, properties, applications, and significance as prebiotics. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9: 438-454.
Transparency Market Research. 2014. Prebiotics Market Will Flourish in the Forthcoming Years, publicado on-line em 25 de novembro de 2014. Disponível em: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/article/prebiotics.htm.
Tungland, B. C.; Meyer, D. 2002. Nondigestibleoligo- and polysaccharides (dietary fiber): their physiology and role in human health and food. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 1(3): 90-109.
Turgeon, S.L.; Rioux, L.E. 2011. Food matrix impact on macronutrients nutritional properties. Food Hydrocolloids 25: 1915-1924.
Tzortzis, G.; Goulas, A.K.; Gee, J.M.; Gibson, G.R. 2005. A novel galactooligosaccharide mixture increases the bifidobacterial population numbers in a continuous in vitro fermentation system and in the proximal colonic contents of pigs in vivo. J. of Nutrition 135: 726-1731.
Tzortzis G., Vulevic J. 2009. Galacto-oligosaccharide prebiotics. Em: Prebiotics and probiotics science and technology. Nova York: Springer.
Veereman-Wauters, 2005. G. Application of prebiotics in infant foods. British Journal of Nutrition 93: 57-60.
Vitetta, L.; Briskey, D.; Alford, H.; Hall, S.; Coulson, S. 2014. Probiotics, prebiotics and the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. Inflammopharmacol 22: 135–154.
Wallenfels, K.; Malhotra, O. P. 1961. Galactosidases. Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry 16: 239-298.
Wallenfels, K. 1951. Enzymatische synthese von oligosa-cchariden aus disacchariden. Naturwissenschaften 38 (13): 306-307.
Whelan, K. 2014. Prebiotics and gastrointestinal health. In Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Gastroenterology (Ed. M. Lomer). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Oxford.
Wu, Z.; Dong, M.; Lu, M.; Li, Z. 2010. Encapsulation of β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae based on “fish-in-net” approach with molecular imprinting technique. J. of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 63: 75-80.
Zhang, J.; Zeng, J.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y. 2006. Immobilization of ß-galactosidase on tamarind gum and chitosan composite microspheres. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 21: 415-432.
Received: 05/12/14; Accepted: 25/01/15
Corresponding author: E-mail: bethfai@yahoo.com.br (A.E.C. Fai).
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Los autores que publican en esta revista aceptan los siguientes términos:
a. Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y conceden a la revista el derecho publicación, simultáneamente licenciada bajo una licencia de Creative Commons que permite a otros compartir el trabajo, pero citando la publicación inicial en esta revista.
b. Los autores pueden celebrar acuerdos contractuales adicionales separados para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión publicada de la obra de la revista (por ejemplo, publicarla en un repositorio institucional o publicarla en un libro), pero citando la publicación inicial en esta revista.
c. Se permite y anima a los autores a publicar su trabajo en línea (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de presentación, ya que puede conducir a intercambios productivos, así como una mayor citación del trabajo publicado (ver efecto del acceso abierto).
