Potencial de la biomasa fúngica: producción y mecanismos de biorremediación de metales pesados del compost de residuos sólidos orgánicos municipales

W. E.  Nuñez; D. A.  Sotomayor; C. V.  Ballardo; E.  Herrera

doi:10.17268/sci.agropecu.2023.008

Autores/as

W. E. Nuñez Centro de Investigación en Gestión de Residuos Sólidos, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla N° 3909, Junín.
D. A. Sotomayor Doctorado en Ingeniería y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Av. La Molina s/n, 15464, Lima.
C. V. Ballardo Centro de Investigación en Gestión de Residuos Sólidos, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla N° 3909, Junín.
E. Herrera Instituto de Investigación Especializado de Investigación de la Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla N° 3909, Junín.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2023.008

Palabras clave:

Biomasa fúngica, compost, biorremediación, metales, residuos orgánicos

Resumen

El compost producido en base a residuos sólidos orgánicos municipales/ urbano (RSOM/U), es un valioso recurso como biofertilizante para la agricultura, jardinería, actividad forestal y sobre todo para la remediación de suelos, cuya producción contribuye al desarrollo sustentable a través del reciclado de materia orgánica y nutrientes. Sin embargo, debido a las materias primas utilizadas, el compost puede tener un contenido significativo de metales pesados como: cadmio (Cd), plomo (Pb), arsénico (As), mercurio (Hg) y selenio (Se), y contaminantes como oligoelementos potencialmente tóxicos que perjudican la salud humana. Estos componentes se pueden acumular en los tejidos vegetales por absorción, dando lugar a la posibilidad de ser biodisponibles para humanos y animales. La biorremediación fúngica de metales pesados en compost de RSOM/U, es altamente eficiente, económico, disponible y amigable con el medio ambiente, por ello la remoción de metales mediante esta técnica es prioritaria, si la finalidad es el uso en suelos agrícolas. La revisión sintetiza los estudios basados en el potencial de la biomasa fúngica para la biorremediación de metales pesados en compost de RSOM/U, reportándose información del compost a base de RSOM/U, producción de biomasa fúngica y mecanismos de biorremediación de metales pesados por biomasa fúngica. En conclusión, la biorremediación de metales pesados utilizando la biomasa fúngica en compost de RSOM/U, con una segregación adecuada de la materia prima, aunado a la biorremediación, podría mejorar la remoción de metales pesados en compost de RSOM/U, y podría ser una alternativa ecológica y viable, que debe ser valorada intensificando su uso.

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