Biofertilizantes y bioestimulantes para uso agrícola y acuícola: Bioprocesos aplicados a subproductos orgánicos de la industria pesquera

M.  Florez-Jalixto; D.  Roldán-Acero; J. R.  Omote-Sibina; A.  Molleda-Ordoñez

doi:10.17268/sci.agropecu.2021.067

Autores/as

M. Florez-Jalixto Facultad de Pesquería, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Av. La Molina s/n, La Molina, Lima https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7874-788X
D. Roldán-Acero Facultad de Pesquería, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Av. La Molina s/n, La Molina, Lima https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1395-4973
J. R. Omote-Sibina Facultad de Pesquería, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Av. La Molina s/n, La Molina, Lima https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2829-6873
A. Molleda-Ordoñez Facultad de Pesquería, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Av. La Molina s/n, La Molina, Lima https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-0752

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2021.067

Palabras clave:

Residuos pesqueros, efluente, fertilizante orgánico, hidrolizado, alimento vivo, biofertilizante, bioestimulante, economía circular

Resumen

El desarrollo de productos para consumo humano con valor agregado a partir de recursos hidrobiológicos genera remanentes de la materia prima que son clasificados como coproductos, subproductos y residuos orgánicos sólidos y líquidos que, si no son tratados, ocasionan un impacto ambiental negativo. El aprovechamiento de estos remanentes con fines agrícolas es motivo de investigación debido a que poseen compuestos bioactivos y minerales de interés; es así que los subproductos se vienen utilizando en bioprocesos que emplean métodos ecoamigables como la biodegradación aerobia, fermentación, hidrólisis y extracción en caso de las macroalgas. Los productos obtenidos de los bioprocesos, dependiendo de su composición de macronutrientes, micronutrientes, aminoácidos, microorganismos y compuestos bioactivos, puede ser considerado como fertilizante orgánico y/o bioestimulante, cuyo efecto abarca desde la mejora del crecimiento y desarrollo en plantas hasta el control del estrés biótico y abiótico en cultivos, de manera que puedan crecer sin dificultades. Los fertilizantes orgánicos derivados de los subproductos y efluentes residuales de la industria pesquera presentan adecuados contenidos de macronutrientes (N, P y K) y micronutrientes (Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn, y Cl) para las plantas, así como de péptidos y aminoácidos que son considerados como bioestimulantes. Por otro lado, la aplicación de fertilizantes orgánicos y bioestimulantes cubre diversas áreas como la horticultura, hidroponía y producción de alimento vivo, los estudios encontrados indicaron su potencial uso como herramienta para implementar la agricultura orgánica y economía circular.

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