Valorización integral del orujo de uva: Desafíos y oportunidades en la biorrefinería, biomedicina y biomateriales sostenibles - Una revisión de alcance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2026.57Palabras clave:
orujo de uva, polifenoles, economía circular, antioxidantes, biorrefinería, compuestos bioactivosResumen
La industria vitivinícola genera grandes volúmenes de orujo de uva (Vitis vinifera), que representa el 20% - 30% de la biomasa restante después de la vinificación. La disposición tradicional plantea desafíos ambientales y económicos, impulsando la adopción de estrategias de Economía Circular. Esta revisión sintetiza el conocimiento actual sobre el perfil fitoquímico del orujo de uvas, profundizando en los mecanismos moleculares que sustentan su función como potente agente antioxidante (mediante quelación de metales y secuestro de radicales) y antiinflamatorio (a través de la inhibición de la vía NF-kappaB). El potencial industrial se explora ampliamente, trascendiendo los nutracéuticos básicos y la fortificación alimentaria para abarcar farmacéuticos, cosmecéuticos de alta gama (para fotoenvejecimiento y protección UV) y la creación de biomateriales biodegradables (envases activos). Se discute la viabilidad de implementar un modelo de biorrefinería integral para extraer moléculas de alta pureza y utilizar la biomasa residual para bioenergía. Los principales hallazgos de este trabajo identifican que tanto la producción científica como el mercado en el campo de la biorrefinería del orujo y la economía circular se encuentran en ascenso, orientándose a los sectores de los nutracéuticos, activos farmacéuticos y cosméticos de alta gama. El desarrollo y refinamiento de tecnologías de extracción limpias y de alta pureza hacen factible la instalación de plantas piloto e industriales en economías consolidadas y emergentes. Este análisis propone una vía de valorización exhaustiva para fomentar la innovación tecnológica y el crecimiento económico sostenible en el sector vitivinícola de la región.
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