Impact of land use change and climate on the Brazilian Amazon: a review on carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions

Lorena Maués Moraes; Jorge Cardoso de Azevedo; Nauara Moura Lage Filho; João Victor Costa de Oliveira; Natan Lima Abreu; Francisco Paulo Amaral Junior; Thiago Carvalho da Silva; Ana Cláudia Ruggieri; Cristian Faturi; Aníbal Coutinho do Rêgo

doi:10.17268/sci.agropecu.2025.051

Autores/as

Lorena Maués Moraes Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Belém, Pará, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-3111
Jorge Cardoso de Azevedo Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Belém, Pará, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3853-8135
Nauara Moura Lage Filho Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2914-4182
João Victor Costa de Oliveira Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Belém, Pará, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3421-9057
Natan Lima Abreu São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-0823
Francisco Paulo Amaral Junior São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4425-3160
Thiago Carvalho da Silva Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Belém, Pará, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7823-3950
Ana Cláudia Ruggieri São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9646-8489
Cristian Faturi Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Palmeira das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6676-1844
Aníbal Coutinho do Rêgo Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5452-0832

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2025.051

Palabras clave:

agriculture, environmental governance, livestock, soil carbon, sustainable practices, tropical soils climate

Resumen

Historically, land-use changes in the Brazilian Amazon, such as the conversion of forests to pastures, have significantly impacted carbon and nitrogen cycles, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and potentially compromising environmental sustainability. This review explores the effects of these changes on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks, emphasizing the role of sustainable practices and public policies in mitigating environmental impacts. Findings indicate that, although forest-to-pasture conversion may reduce soil organic carbon stocks by up to 11.3%, practices such as agroforestry systems, sustainable pasture management, and crop-livestock-forestry integration (CLFI) have the potential to reverse these effects by promoting carbon sequestration and soil conservation. Public policies such as the Low Carbon Agriculture Plan (ABC Plan) and the Amazon Fund are highlighted as essential pillars for sustainable development in the region. It is concluded that the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, integrated with robust environmental policies and technological innovation, can transform the Amazon into a global model of balance between economic development and environmental conservation. Future studies should prioritize integrated assessments of carbon stocks, gas emissions, and socioeconomic indicators to support more effective and regionally adapted public policies.

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