Actividad antifúngica de extractos vegetales contra Botrytis cinerea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae y Fusarium sp.: Eficacia en el control de Erysiphe necator y efecto fitotóxico en semillas de trigo

Hanna Cáceres Iparraguirre; Alex Bendezu Ramos; Haydee Chávez Orellana; Felipe Surco-Laos; Jorge A.  García C.

doi:10.17268/sci.agropecu.2025.040

Autores/as

Hanna Cáceres Iparraguirre CITEagroindustrial Ica, Instituto Tecnológico de la Producción, Perú. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5040-8950
Alex Bendezu Ramos CITEagroindustrial Ica, Instituto Tecnológico de la Producción, Perú. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3650-6620
Haydee Chávez Orellana Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga de Ica. Ica, Perú. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8717-4307
Felipe Surco-Laos Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga de Ica. Ica, Perú. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0805-5535
Jorge A. García C. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga de Ica. Ica, Perú. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9880-7344

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2025.040

Palabras clave:

metabolitos secundarios, fitoquímicos, actividad antifúngica, control natural, fitotoxicidad, alelopática

Resumen

El sector agrícola enfrenta riesgos por los daños causados por fitopatógenos, y muchos agricultores dependen de fungicidas sintéticos para combatirlos. Sin embargo, el uso excesivo de estos productos contamina el ambiente y favorece la resistencia de los patógenos. Este estudio evaluó la inhibición del crecimiento micelial de 57 extractos vegetales sobre Botrytis cinerea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae y Fusarium sp., y su eficacia en el control de Erysiphe necator en campo, además de su efecto fitotóxico en semillas de trigo y la identificación de metabolitos presentes en los extractos. Los extractos más efectivos fueron los de Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Conyza sumatrensis, Dysphania ambrosioides, Minthostachis mollis, Salvia sp., Pimpinella anisum y Syzygium aromaticum. El extracto de P. anisum presentó la mayor inhibición del crecimiento de B. cinerea en tomates, mientras que para el control de E. necator, los extractos más eficaces fueron P. anisum, C. sumatrensis y S. aromaticum. Además, el extracto de A. artemisiifolia mostró efectos fitotóxicos en el crecimiento de semillas de trigo. Se identificaron flavonoides, taninos, esteroides, triterpenoides, alcaloides, leucoantocianidinas, cumarinas y saponinas como los principales metabolitos en los extractos. Estos resultados ofrecen alternativas viables para el control de hongos fitopatógenos mediante el uso de extractos vegetales, contribuyendo a una agricultura más sostenible y menos dependiente de productos químicos.

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