Biopolímeros producidos por Azotobacter: síntesis y producción, propiedades físico-mecánicas, y potenciales aplicaciones industriales

Nils Leander  Huamán-Castilla; Erik Edwin  Allcca-Alca; Giovanna Judith  Allcca-Alca; Marcos Luis  Quispe-Pérez

doi:10.17268/sci.agropecu.2021.040

Autores/as

Nils Leander Huamán-Castilla Escuela de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Universidad Nacional de Moquegua, Prolongación Calle Ancash s/n, Moquegua. Perú. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3748-0883
Erik Edwin Allcca-Alca Escuela de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Universidad Nacional de Moquegua, Prolongación Calle Ancash s/n, Moquegua. Perú. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6116-7651
Giovanna Judith Allcca-Alca Escuela de Postgrado, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Av. Floral s/n, Puno. Perú. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1397-9679
Marcos Luis Quispe-Pérez Escuela de Ingeniería de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Moquegua, Prolongación Calle Ancash s/n, Moquegua. Perú. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8661-3806

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2021.040

Palabras clave:

Azotobacter, polihidroxialcanoatos, polihidroxibutirato (PHB), polihidroxivalerato (PHV), alginato (AG), polímeros

Resumen

Azotobacter es un tipo de bacteria no patógena, Gram negativa con capacidad para sintetizar simultáneamente en condiciones aerobias dos polímeros biodegradables extra e intracelulares tales como alginatos y polihidroxialcanoatos respectivamente, cuyas propiedades físicas, mecánicas y biodegradables han despertado el interés en la industria. Por ello, esta revisión compila información sobre la síntesis química de estos polímeros y la modificación genética de esta bacteria con la finalidad de producir un polímero particular y mejorar sus rendimientos. Adicionalmente, mostramos que los alginatos obtenidos presentan un mayor peso molecular, grado de acetilación y relación M/G comparado con otras fuentes orgánicas como las algas marinas; mientras los polímeros de polihidroxialcanoatos presentan mejores características físicas y mecánicas (temperatura de fusión, módulo de Young, elongación y temperatura de transición vítrea) comparado con otros polímeros sintéticos. Estas características presentes en ambos polímeros han permitido el desarrollo de diversas aplicaciones en la industria alimentaria, farmacéutica, médica y agronómica. Finalmente, es necesario estudiar nuevas estrategias para controlar la variabilidad del grado de acetilación y peso molecular para los polímeros de alginato y mejorar la producción de polihidroxialcanoatos con la finalidad de promover nuevas futuras aplicaciones en la industria.

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