Propiedades farmacológicas del jengibre (Zingiber officinale) para la prevención y el tratamiento de COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17268/agroind.sci.2020.03.16Resumen
COVID-19, considerada como una epidemia global, está afectando a miles de personas ocasionando muerte. Actualmente, la comunidad científica sigue en la búsqueda del fármaco efectivo que module los efectos ocasionados por el SARS-CoV-2, ante ello se plantea alternativas para su prevención y tratamiento mediante compuestos bioactivos naturales, como es el caso del jengibre. El jengibre presenta compuestos volátiles y no volátiles con propiedades farmacológicas importantes como antioxidante, antiinflamatoria, antiemético, antiviral; los compuestos fenólicos del aceite de jengibre presentan efecto sinérgico al actuar como antioxidante y antiinflamatorio, entre estos compuestos destacan gingerol, shogaol, zingerona y las gingerdionas. La actividad antiinflamatoria del jengibre está relacionada con la reducción de la expresión de ARNm de biomarcadores como las interleucinas (IL-6) y podría actuar de forma similar como el Tocilizumab, medicamento usado para tratar a pacientes con COVID-19; así mismo, presenta actividad antiviral al inhibir a las proteínas del SARS-CoV-2, al unirse con el ECA-2, 3CLpro y PLpro, y una actividad antiemética mediante el cual disminuirá los síntomas del paciente. Se concluye que las propiedades farmacológicas del jengibre y sus extractos etanólicos y metanólicos ricos en fenoles totales como los gingeroles y shogaoles tienen gran potencial para la prevención y el tratamiento de los síntomas de COVID-19.
Referencias
Abian, O.; Ortega-Alarcon, D.; Jimenez-Alesanco, A.; Ceballos-Laita, L.; Vega, S.; Reyburn, H.T.; Rizzuti, B.; Velazquez-Campoy, A. 2020. Structural stability of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and identification of quercetin as an inhibitor by experimental screening. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 164: 1693-1703.
Acuña, O.; Torres, A. 2010. Aprovechamiento de las propiedades funcionales del jengibre (Zingiber officinale) en la elaboración filtrante y aromatizante para quema. Revista politécnica 29: 60-69.
Adanlawo, I.G.; Dairo, F.A.S. 2007. Nutrient and Anti-nutrient Constituents of Ginger (Zingiber officinale, Roscoe) and the Influence of its Ethanolic Extract on Some Serum Enzymes in Albino Rats. International J. of Biological Chemistry 1: 38-46.
Adem, Ş.; Eyupoglu, V.; Sarfraz, I.; Rasul, A.; Fawad, A.; Ali, M.; Abdalla, M.; Ibrahim, I.; Elfiky, A.A. 2020. Caffeic acid derivatives (CAFDs) as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2: CAFDs-based functional foods as a potential alternative approach to combat COVID-19. Phytomedicine 6: 153310.
Ali, B.H.; Blunden, G.; Tanira, M.O.; Nemmar, A. 2008. Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): A review of recent research. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46(2): 409-420.
Amin, S.A.; Jha, T. 2020. Fight against novel coronavirus: A perspective of medicinal chemists. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 201: 112559.
Amir, M.; Khan, A.; Mujeeb, M.; Ahmad, A.; Usmani, S.; Akhtar, M. 2011. Phytochemical Analysis and in vitro Antioxidant Activity of Zingiber officinale. Free Radicals and Antioxidants 1(4): 75-81.
Amirian, E.S. 2020. Potential Fecal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Current Evidence and Implications for Public Health. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 95: 363-370.
Bartley, J.P.; Jacobs, A.L. 2000. Effects of drying on flavour compounds in Australian-grown ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 80(2): 209-215.
Basirat, Z.; Moghadamnia, A.A.; Kashifard, M.; Sarifi-Razavi, A. 2009. The Effect of Ginger Biscuit on Nausea and Vomiting in Early Pregnancy. Acta medica Iranica 47(1): 51-56.
Bikdeli, B.; Madhavan, M.V.; Jimenez, D.; Chuich, T.; Dreyfus, I.; Driggin, E.; Der, C.; Ageno, W.; Madjid, M.; Guo, Y.; Tang, L.V.; Hu, Y.; Giri, J.; Cushman, M.; Dimakakos, E.P.; Gibson, C.M.; Lippi, G.; Favaloro, E.J.; Fareed, J.; Caprini, A.; Tafur, A.J.; Burton, J.R.; Dominic, P.; Wang, E.Y.; Falanga, A.; Mclintock, C.; Hunt, B.J.; Spyropoulos, A.C.; Barnes, G.D.; Eikelboom, W.; Weinberg, I.; Schulman, S.; Carrier, M.; Piazza, G.; Beckman, J.A.; Steg, P.G.; Stone, G.W.; Rosenkranz, S.; Goldhaber, S.Z.; Parikh, A.; Monreal, M.; Krumholz, H.M.; Stavros, V.; Weitz, J.I.; Lip, G.Y.H. 2020. COVID-19 and Thrombotic or Thromboembolic Disease: Implications for Prevention, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Follow-up. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 75(23): 2950–2973.
Cerezal, P.; Acosta, E.; Rojas, G.; Romero, N.; Arcos, R. 2012. Desarrollo de una bebida de alto contenido proteico a partir de algarrobo, lupino y quinoa para la dieta de preescolares. Nutrición Hospitalaria 27(1): 232-243.
Chang, J.S.; Wanga, K.C.; Yeh, C.F.; Shieh, D.E.; Chiang, L.C. 2013. Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 145(1): 146-151.
Chen, G.; Yuan, B.; Wang, H.; Qi, G.; Cheng, S. 2019. Characteri-zation and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides obtained from ginger pomace using two different extraction processes. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 139: 801-809.
Chen, H.; Du, Q. 2020. Potential natural compounds for preventing SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) infection. Preprints 2(February).
Chen, N.; Zhou, M.; Dong, X.; Qu, J.; Gong, F.; Han, Y.; Qiu, Y.; Wang, J.; Liu, Y.; Wei, Y.; Xia, J.; Yu, T.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, L. 2020. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet 395(10223): 507-513.
Cheung, K.S.; Hung, I.F.; Chan, P.P.; Lung, K.C.; Tso, E.; Liu, R.; Ng, Y.Y.; Chu, M.Y.; Chung, T.W.; Tam, A.R.; Yip, C.C.; Leung, K.-H.; Yim-Fong F.A.; Zhang, R.R.; Lin, Y.; Cheng, H.M.; Zhang, A.J.; To, K.K.; Chan, K.-H.; Yuen, K.-Y.; Leung, W.K. 2020. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Virus Load in Fecal Samples from the Hong Kong Cohort and Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 159: 81-95.
Chikkanna, D.; Dinesha, R.; Subhas, C.; Santosh, K.; Shewetha, K.; Ranjitha, P. 2016. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences 6(2): 1472-1476.
D’Amico, F.; Baumgart, D.C.; Danese, S.; Peyrin-Biroulet, L. 2020. Diarrhea during COVID-19 infection: pathogenesis, epidemio-logy, prevention and management. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 18: 1663-1672.
Deng, J.; Hou, X.; Zhang, T.; Bai, G.; Hao, E.; Chu, J.J.H.; Wattanathorn, J.; Sirisa-ard, P.; Soo Ee, C.; Low, J.; Liu, C. 2020. Carry forward advantages of traditional medicines in prevention and control of outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. Chinese Herbal Medicines 12(3): 207-213.
Denyer, C.V.; Jackson, P.; Loakes, D. 1994. Isolation of antirhinoviral sesquiterpenes from ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Natural Products 57(5): 658-662.
Diao, B; Wang, C; Tan, Y; Chen, X; Liu, Y; Ning, L; Chen, L; Li, M; Liu, Y; Wang, G; Yuan, Z; Feng, Z; Wu, Y; Chen, Y. 2020. Reduction and Functional Exhaustion of T Cells in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Frontiers in Immunology 2019:1-14.
Ding, S.; Liang, T.J. 2020. Is SARS-CoV-2 Also an Enteric Pathogen with Potential Fecal-Oral Transmission: A COVID-19 Virological and Clinical Review. Gastroenterology 159(1): 53-61.
Dugasani, S.; Pichikac, M.R.; Nadarajahc, V.D.; Balijepalli, M.K.; Tandraa, S.; Korlakuntab, J.N. 2010. Comparative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 127(126): 515-520.
Dwarka, D.; Agoni, C.; Mellem, J.J.; Soliman, M.E.; Baijnath, H. 2020. Identification of potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors from South African medicinal plant extracts using molecular modelling approaches. South African Journal of Botany 173: 273-284.
El-Baroty, G.S.; Abd El-Baky, H.H.; Farag, R.S.; Saleh, M.A. 2013. Characterization of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of cinnamon and ginger essential oils. Advanced Research Journal of Biochemistry 1(4): 78-85.
Eleazu, C.O.; Eleazu, K.C. 2012. Physico-chemical Properties and Antioxidant Potentials of 6 New Varieties of Ginger (Zingiber officinale). American Journal of Food Technology 7(4): 214-221.
Enríquez, A.M.; Prieto, E.P. 2007. Estudio Farmacognóstico y Fitoquímico del Rizoma de Zingiber officinale Roscoe ·Jengibre de la Ciudad de Chanchamayo - Región Junín - Perú. s.l., s.e. 88 pp.
Ensiyeh, J.; Sakineh, M.-A. 2009. Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery 25(6): 649-653.
Fan, Z.; Chen, L.; Li, J.; Cheng, X.; Yang, J.; Tian, C.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, S.; Liu, Z.; Cheng, J. 2020. Clinical Features of COVID-19-Related Liver Functional Abnormality. Clinical Gastroente-rology and Hepatology 18(7): 1561-1566.
FDA - Food and Drug Administration. 2020. Cautions Against Use of Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine for COVID-19 Outside of the Hospital Setting or a Clinical Trial Due to Risk of Heart Rhythm Problems. Disponible en: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety-and-availability/fda-cautions-against-use-hydroxychloroquine-orchloroquine-covid-19-outside-hospital-setting-or.
Goh, G.K.M.; Dunker, A.K.; Foster, J.A.; Uversky, V.N. 2020. Shell disorder analysis predicts greater resilience of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outside the body and in body fluids. Microbial Pathogenesis 144: 104177.
Goswami, D.; Kumar, M.; Ghosh, S.; Das, A. 2020. Natural Product Compounds in Alpinia officinarum and Ginger are Potent SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease Inhibitors. Preprints 16 pp.
Guan, W.; Ni, Z.; Hu, Y.; Liang, W.; Ou, C.; He, J.; Liu, L.; Shan, H.; Lei, C.; Hui, D.S.C.; Du, B.; Li, L.; Zeng, G.; Yuen, K.Y.; Chen, R.; Tang, C.; Wang, T.; Chen, P.; Xiang, J.; Li, S.; Wang, J.L.; Liang, Z.; Peng, Y.; Wei, L.; Liu, Y.; Hu, Y.H.; Peng, P.; Wang, J.M.; Liu, J.; Chen, Z.; Li, G.; Zheng, Z.; Qiu, S.; Luo, J.; Ye, C.; Zhu, S.; Zhong, N. 2020. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine 382(18): 1708-1720.
Al Hroob, A.M.; Abukhalil, M.H.; Alghonmeen, R.D.; Mahmoud, A.M. 2018. Ginger alleviates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis and protects rats against diabetic nephropathy. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 106: 381-389.
Huang, F.; Li, Y.; Leung, E.L.H.; Liu, X.; Liu, K.; Wang, Q.; Lan, Y.; Li, X.; Yu, H.; Cui, L.; Luo, H.; Luo, L. 2020. A review of therapeutic agents and Chinese herbal medicines against SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19). Pharmacological Research 158: 104929.
Imanishi, N.; Andoh, T.; Mantani, N.; Sakai, S. 2006. Macrophage-Mediated Inhibitory Effect of Zingiber officinale Rosc, A Traditional Oriental Herbal Medicine on the Growth of Influenza A / Aichi / 2 / 68 Virus. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 34(1): 157-169.
Jolad, S.D.; Lantz, R.C.; Solyom, A.M.; Chen, G.J.; Bates, R.B.; Timmermann, B.N. 2004. Fresh organically grown ginger (Zingiber officinale): Composition and effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production. Phytochemistry 65(13): 1937-1954.
Kim, M.K.; Chung, S.W.; Kim, D.H.; Kim, J.M.; Lee, E.K.; Kim, J.Y.; Young, H, Yun, K.; Jae-Kyung, H., Kun-Young, J.; et al. 2010. Modulation of age-related NF- kB activation by dietary zingerone via MAPK pathway. Experimental Gerontology 45(6): 419-426.
Kizhakkayil, J.; Sasikumar, B. 2011. Diversity, characterization and utilization of ginger: A review. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterisation and Utilisation 9(3): 464-477.
Kodchakorn, K.; Poovorawan, Y.; Suwannakarn, K.; Kongtawelert, P. 2020. Molecular modelling investigation for drugs and nutraceuticals against protease of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 101: 107717.
Kou, X.; Ke, Y.; Wang, X.; Rahman, M.R.T.; Xie, Y.; Chen, S.; Wang, H. 2018. Simultaneous extraction of hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactive compounds from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Food Chemistry 257(8): 223-229.
Kumari, S.; Gupta, A. 2016. Nutritional composition of dehydrated ashwagandha, shatavari, and ginger root powder. International Journal of Home Science IJHS 2(23): 68-70.
Lee, T.; Lee, K.; Chen, S.; Chang, H. 2009. 6-Gingerol inhibits ROS and iNOS through the suppression of PKC- a and NF- j B pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macro-phages. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communica-tions 382(1): 134-139.
Levine, M.E.; Gillis, M.G.; Yanchis, S.; Voss, A.C.; Stern, R.; Koch, K.L. 2008. Protein and Ginger for the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Delayed Nausea. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 14(5): 545-551.
Li, X.; Mcgrath, K.C.Y.; Tran, V.H; Li, Y.; Duke, C.C.; Roufogalis, B.D.; Heather, A.K. 2013. Attenuation of Proinflammatory Responses by S - [6] -Gingerol via Inhibition of ROS / NF-Kappa B / COX2 Activation in HuH7 Cells. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013: 1-9.
Li, Y.; Hong, Y.; Han, Y.; Wang, Y.; Xia, L. 2016. Chemical characterization and antioxidant activities comparison in fresh, dried, stir-frying and carbonized ginger. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 1011: 223-232.
Liang, T. 2020. Manual de prevención y tratamiento del COVID-19. Disponible en: http://www.embajadachina.org.pe/esp/sghd/P020200331264861016485.pdf
Lien, H.C.; Sun, W.M.; Chen, Y.H.; Kim, H.; Hasler, W.; Owyang, C. 2003. Effects of ginger on motion sickness and gastric slow-wave dysrhythmias induced by circular vection. American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 284(3 47-3): 481-489.
Liu, Y.; Gayle, A.A.; Wilder-Smith, A.; Rocklöv, J. 2020. The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine 27(2): 1-6.
Luan, J.; Lu, Y.; Jin, X.; Zhang, L. 2020. Spike protein recognition of mammalian ACE2 predicts the host range and an optimized ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 526(1): 165-169.
Mbaveng, A.T.; Kuete, V. 2017. Zingiber officinale. s.l., Elsevier Inc. 627-639 pp.
Méndez, E.F.; Amaya, J.E. 2013. Fenología y producción de masa fresca y oleorresina de jengibre (Zingiber officinale r.) con diferente materia orgánica. Revista Ciencia y Tecnología 9(2): 181-196.
MINSA - Ministerio de Salud. Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades. 2020. Vigilancia, Prevención y Control del COVID-19. Disponible en: https://www.dge.gob.pe/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=678
Mohd, S.H.; Makpol, S.; Abdul, N.A.; Das, S.; Wan, W.Z.; Mohd Y.A. 2008. Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats. CLINICS 63(6): 807-813.
Mpiana, P.T.; Ngbolua, K.N.; Tshibangu, D.S.T.; Kilembe, J.T.; Gbolo, B.Z.; Mwanangombo, D.T.; Inkoto, C.L.; Lengbiye, E.M.; Mbadiko, C.M.; Matondo, A.; Bongo, G.N.; Tshilanda, D.D. 2020. Identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease from Aloe vera compounds: A molecular docking study. Chemical Physics Letters 754(May): 137751.
Musa, S. 2020. Hepatic and gastrointestinal involvement in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): What do we know till now?. Arab Journal of Gastroenterology 21(1): 3-8.
Nogueira de Melo, G.A.; Grespan, R.; Pitelli, J.; Oliveira, T.; Leite, E.; Lopes, A.; Bersani-Amado, C.A.; Nakamura, R.K. 2011. Inhibitory effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil on leukocyte migration in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Natural Medice 65: 241-246.
Ogbuewu, I.P.; Jiwuba, P.D.; Ezeokeke, C.T.; Uchegbu, M.C.; Okoli, I.C.; Iloeje, M.U. 2014. Evaluation of Phytochemical and Nutritional Composition of ginger rhizome powder. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 17:1663-1670.
Ojewole, J. 2006. Analgesic, Antiinflammatory and Hypoglycaemic Effects of Ethanol Extract of Zingiber officinale (Roscoe) Rhizomes (Zingiberaceae) in Mice and Rats. Phytotherapy Research 20: 764-772.
Olubunmi, B.; Seun, F.; Funmilayo, T. 2013. Food Value of Two Varieties of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Commonly Consumed in Nigeria. ISRN Nutrition 2013: 1-5.
Park, K.J.; Lee, H.H. 2005. In Vitro Activiral Activity of Aqueous Extracts from Korean Medicinal Plant Againts Influenza Virus Type A. Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology 15(5): 924-929.
Prasanna, K.D.; Gunathilake, P.; Vasantha, H.P. 2014. Inhibition of Human Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation In Vitro by Ginger Extracts. Journal of Medicinal Food 17(4): 424-431.
Rehman, R.; Akram, M.; Akhtar, N.; Jabeen, Q.; Shah, S.M.A. 2010. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (pharmacological activity). Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 5(3): 344-348.
Saedisomeolia, A.; Makhdoomi, M.; Abdolahi, M.; Sedighiyan, M.; Rangel, A.; Muench, G.; Zarezadeh, M.; Jafarieh, A.; Mohammadzadeh Honarvar, N. 2019. Mechanisms of action of ginger in nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathways in diabetes. Journal of Herbal Medicine 16.
Saghazadeh, A.; Rezaei, N. 2020. Towards treatment planning of COVID-19: Rationale and hypothesis for the use of multiple immunosuppressive agents: Anti-antibodies, immunoglobulins, and corticosteroids. International Immunopharmacology 84: 106560.
Sampoornam, S.S. 2017. Herbal inhibitors identified for renin and angiotensin converting enzymes by in silico structure-based methods. International Journal of Medical and Health Research 3(6): 88-92.
Sangwan, A.; Kawatra, A.; Sehgal, S. 2014. Nutritional composition of ginger powder prepared using various drying methods. Journal of Food Science and Technology 51(9): 2260-2262.
Savarino, A.; Boelaert, J.R.; Cassone, A.; Majori, G.; Cauda, R. 2003. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: An old drug against today’s diseases? Lancet Infectious Diseases 3(11): 722-727.
Schwertner, H.A.; Rios, D.C. 2007. High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol in ginger-containing dietary supplements, spices, teas, and beverages. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 856(1-2): 41-47.
Semwal, R.B.; Semwal, D.K.; Combrinck, S.; Viljoen, A.M. 2015. Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger. Phytochemistry 117: 554-568.
Sheahan, T.P.; Sims, A.C.; Graham, R.L.; et al. 2017. Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses. Science Translational Medicine 9(396).
Sheahan, T.P.; Sims, A.C.; Leist, S.R.; et al. 2020. Comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against MERS-CoV. Nature Communications 11(1).
Shukla, A; Goud, V V.; Das, C. 2019. Antioxidant potential and nutritional compositions of selected ginger varieties found in Northeast India. Industrial Crops and Products 128(October 2018):167-176.
da Silveira, M.; Mota, E.F.; Gomes-Rochette, N.F.; Nunes-Pinheiro, D.C.S.; Nabavi, SM; de Melo, D.F. 2019. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Elsevier Inc. 235-239 pp.
Sinha, P.; Mostaghim, A.; Bielick, C.G.; Hamer, D.H.; Wetzler, L.; Bhadelia, N.; Fagan, M.; Linas, B.P.; Assoumou, S.A.; Michael, H.; Lin, N.H.; Cooper, E.R.; Brade, K.D.; Laura, F. 2020. Early administration of Interleukin-6 inhibitors for patients with severe Covid-19 disease is associated with decreased intubation, reduced mortality, and increased discharge. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 99: 28-33.
Sookkongwaree, K.; Geitmann, M.; Roengsumran, S.; Petsom, A.; Danielson, H. 2006. Inhibition of viral proteases by Zingiberaceae extracts and flavones isolated from Kaempferia parviflora. Pharmazie 61(8): 717-721.
Srinivasan, K. 2017. Ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale): A spice with multiple health beneficial potentials. PharmaNutrition 5(1): 18-28.
Stoilova, I.; Krastanov, A.; Stoyanova, A.; Denev, P.; Gargova, S. 2007. Antioxidant activity of a ginger extract (Zingiber officinale). Food Chemistry 102(3): 764-770.
Tao, Y.I.; Li, W.; Liang, W.; Van Breemen, R.B. 2009. Identification and quantification of gingerols and related compounds in ginger dietary supplements using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57(21): 10014-10021.
Tóth, B.; Lantos, T.; Hegyi, P.; Viola, R.; et al. 2018. Ginger (Zingiber officinale): an alternative for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A meta-analysis, Elsevier GmbH.
Trinidad, T.P.; Sagum, R.; de Leon, M.P.; Mallillin, A.C.; Borlagdan, M.P. 2012. Zingiber Officinale and Curcuma Longa as Potential Functional Foods/Ingredients. Food and Public Health 2(2): 1-4.
Ugwoke, C.E.C.; Nzekwe, U. 2016. Phytocvhemistry and Proximate Composition of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 7(5): 63462.
Vargas, V.N. 2014. Efecto antimicrobiano in vitro del extracto de Zingiber officinales (jengibre) obtenido por extracción con fluidos supercríticos. s.l., s.e. 1-119 pp.
Vásquez, O.; Alva, A.; Marreros, J. 2001. Extracción y caracterización del aceite esencial de jengibre (Zingiber officinale). Revista Amazónica de Investigación Alimentaria 1(1): 38-42.
Vipin, A.V.; Raksha, K.; Nawneet, K.; Anu, A.; Venkateswaran, G. 2017. Protective effects of phenolics rich extract of ginger against Aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 91: 415-424.
Vutyavanich, T.; Kraisarin, T.; Ruangsri, R.-A. 2001. Ginger for Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy: Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 97(4): 577-582.
Walls, A.C.; Park, Y.-J.; Tortorici, M.A.; Wall, A.; Mcguire, A.T.; Veesler, D.; Walls, A.C.; Park, Y.; Tortorici, M.A.; Wall, A.; Mcguire, A.T.; Veesler, D. 2020. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS- Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell :1-12.
Wan, S.; Yi, Q.; Fan, S.; Lv, J.; Zhang, X.; Guo, L.; Lang, C.; Xiao, Q.; Xiao, K.; Yi, Z.; Qiang, M.; Chen, Y. 2020. Characteristics of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in peripheral blood of 123 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP). medRxiv 165: 1-13.
Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Ye, D.; Liu, Q. 2020. Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 55(6):105948.
Weidner, MS; Sigwart, K. 2000. The safety of a ginger extract in the rat. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73(3): 513-520.
Weidner, M.S.; Sigwart, K. 2001. Investigation of the teratogenic potential of a Zingiber officinale extract in the rat. Reproductive Toxicology 15(1): 75-80.
WHO - World Health Organization. 2020a. WHO Director-General opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
WHO - World Health Organization. 2020b. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
Wohlmuth, H.; Leach, D.N.; Smith, M.K.; Myers, S.P. 2005. Gingerol content of diploid and tetraploid clones of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53(14): 5772-5778.
Yeh, H.; Chuang, C.; Chen, H.; Wan, C.; Chen, T.; Lin, L. 2014. Bioactive components analysis of two various gingers (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and antioxidant effect of ginger extracts. LWT - Food Science and Technology 55(1): 329-334.
Zhang, H.; Kang, Z.; Gong, H.; Xu, D.; et al. 2020. The digestive system is a potential route of 2019-nCov infection: a bioinformatics analysis based on single-cell transcriptomes. bioRxiv :2020.01.30.927806.
Zhou, D.; Dai, S.M.; Tong, Q. 2020. COVID-19: A recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75(7): 1667-1670.
Zhu, N.; Zhang, D.; Wang, W.; Li, X.; et al. 2020. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal of Medicine 382(8): 727-733.
Zick, S.M.; Djuric, Z.; Ruffin, M.T.; Litzinger, A.J.; et al. 2008. Pharmacokinetics of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol and conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 17(8):1930-1936.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2020 Paola Jorge-Montalvo, Carlos Vílchez-Perales, Lizardo Visitación-Figueroa
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
El autor no conserva los derechos de autor ni los derechos de publicación de forma ilimitada. El autor conserva la totalidad de sus derechos morales, en particular el de paternidad y el de integridad del artículo.
