Microplásticos en el medio marino: una problemática que abordar
Palabras clave:
plástico, microplásticos, organismos marinos, contaminaciónResumen
Los microplásticos han producido una creciente preocupación por parte de la comunidad científica y el público a nivel mundial. En las últimas décadas se ha comenzado a estudiar la verdadera implicancia que los microplásticos traen consigo en términos químicos, ecológicos y biológicos. En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión bibliográfica sobre los microplásticos, su distribución en el medio marino, los impactos más relevantes en el ambiente y varias especies de organismos marinos, las metodologías de muestreo en las diversas matrices ambientales, métodos de separación y la identificación químico-analítica de los polímeros obtenidos para su correcta clasificación. Se concluye que todavía quedan muchos vacíos por llenar en cuanto a la información disponible y la estandarización de metodologías para el muestreo, extracción e identificación de microplásticos. Con el incremento de la producción de plásticos a nivel mundial y la escaza normativa existente, la problemática de los microplásticos continuará aseverándose.Citas
Anastasopoulou, A.; Viršek, M.K.; Varezić, D.B.; Digka, N.; Fortibuoni, T.; Koren, S.; Mandić, M.; Mytili-neou, C.; Pešić, A.; Ronchi, F.; Šiljić J.; Torre, M.; Tsangaris, C.; Tutman, P. 2018. Assessment on marine litter ingested by fish in the Adriatic and NE Ionian Sea macro-region (Mediterranean). Marine Pollution Bulletin 133: 841-851.
Anderson, J.C.; Park, B.J.; Palace, V.P. 2016. Microplastics in aquatic environments: Implications for Cana-dian ecosystems. Environmental Pollution 218: 269-280.
Andrady, A.L.; Neal, M.A. 2009. Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Philosophical Transactions B: Biological Sciences 364: 1977-1984.
Andrady, A.L. 2017. The plastic in microplastics: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 119: 12-22.
Avio, C.G.; Gorbi, S.; Regoli, F. 2015. Experimental development of a new protocol for extraction and char-acterization of microplastics in fish tissues: First observations in commercial species from Adriatic Sea. Marine Environmental Research: 111: 18-26.
Barboza, L.G.A.; Frias, J.P.G.L.; Booth, A.M.; Vieira, L.; Masura, J.; Baker, J.; Foster, G.; Guilhermino, L. 2019. Microplastics Pollution in the Marine Environment. En: Sheppard, C. (Comp.). World Seas: An En-vironmental Evaluation, Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts. Elsevier. Países Ba-jos. Pp. 329-351.
Barnes, D.K.A. 2002. Invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 416: 808-809.
Barnes, D.K.A.; Galgani, F.; Thompson, R.C.; Barlaz, M. 2009. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical Transactions B: Biological Sciences. 364: 1985-1998.
Bergmann, M.; Wirzberger, V.; Krumpen, T.; Lorenz, C.; Primpke, S.; Tekman, M.B.; Gerdts, G. 2017. Hig quantities of microplastic in Artic deep-sea sediments from the HAUSGARTEN observatory. Environ-mental Science & Tecnology 51: 11000-11010.
Besley, A.; Vijver, M.G.; Behrens, P.; Bosker, T. 2017. A standardized method for sampling and extraction methods for quantifying microplastics in beach sand. Marine Pollution Bulletin 114: 77-83.
Bessa, F.; Barría, P.; Neto, J.M.; Frias, J.P.G.L.; Otero, V.; Sobral, P.; Marques, J.C. 2018. Occurrence of mi-croplastics in commercial fish from a natural estuarine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 128: 575-584.
Boerger, C.M.; Lattin, G.L.; Moore, S.L.; Moore, C.J. 2010. Plastic ingestion by planktivorous fishes in the north Pacific central gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60: 2275-2278.
Bravo Rebolledo, E.L.; Van Franeker, J.A.; Jansen, O.E.; Brasseur, S.M.J.M. 2013. Plastic ingestion by har-bour seals (Phoca vitulina) in The Netherlands. Marine Pollution Bulletin 67: 200-202.
Browne, M.A.; Galloway, T.S.; Thompson, T. 2007. Microplastic – An emerging contaminant of potential concern? Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 3: 559-566.
Camacho, M.A.; Herrera, A.; Gómez, M.; Acosta-dacal, A.; Martínez, I.; Henríquez-Henández, L.A.; Lu-zardo, O.P. 2019. Organic pollutants in marine plastic debris from Canary Islands beaches. Science of the Total Environment 662: 22-31.
Cho, Y.; Shim, W.J.; Jang, M.; Han, H.M.; Hong, S.H. 2019. Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in market bivalves from South Korea. Environmental Pollution 245: 1107-1116.
Chubarenko, I.; Esiukova, E.; Bagaey, A.; Isachenko, L.; Demchenko, N.; Zobkov, M.; Efimova, L.; Ba-gaeva, M.; Khatmullina, L. 2018. Behavior of Microplastics in Coastal Zones. En: Zeng, E.Y. (Comp.). Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments - An Emerging Matter of Environmental Urgency. Elsevier. Países Bajos. Pp. 175-223.
Cole, M.; Lindeque, P.; Halsband, C.; Galloway, T.S. 2011. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62: 2588-2597.
Cooper, D.A.; Corcora, P.L. 2010. Effects of mechanical and chemical processes on the degradation of plas-tic beach debris on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60: 650-654.
Cózar, A.; Echevarría, F.; González-Gordillo, J.I. Irigoien, X.; Ubeda, B.; Henández-León, S.; Palma, A.T.; Navarro, S.; García-de-Lomas, J.; Ruiz, A.; Fernández-de-Puelles, M.L.; Duarte, C.M. 2014. Plastic debris in the open ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111: 10239-10244.
Crawford, C.B.; Quinn, B. 2017. Microplastic Pollutants. 1ra Edición. Elsevier. Amsterdam, Países Bajos. 336 pp.
Dai, Z.; Zhang, H.; Zhou, Q.; Tian, Y.; Chen, T.; Tu, C.; Fu, C.; Luo, Y. 2018. Occurrence of microplastics in the water column and sediment in an inland sea affected by intensive anthropogenic activities. Environ-mental Pollution 242: 1557-1565.
Davidson, K.; Dudas, S.E. 2016. Microplastic Ingestion by Wild and Cultured Manila Clams (Venerupis phil-ippinarum) from Baynes Sound, British Columbia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxi-cology 71: 147-156.
Davison, P.; Asch, R.G. 2011. Plastic ingestion by mesopelagic fishes in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Marine Ecology Progress series 432: 173-180.
De Sá, L.C.; Luis, L.G.; Guihermino, L. 2015. Effects of microplastics on juveniles of the common goby (Pomatoschistus microps): Confusion with prey, reduction of the predatory performance and efficiency, and possible influence of developmental conditions. Environmental Pollution 196: 359-362.
De Souza Machado, A.A.; Kloas, W.; Zarfl, C.; Hempel, S.; Riling, M.C. 2017. Microplastics as an emerging threat to terrestrial ecosystems. Global Change Biology 24: 1405-1416.
Dehaut, A.; Cassone, A.; Frére, L.; Hermabessiere, L.; Himber, C.; Runnert, E.; Riviére, G.; Lambert, C.; Soudant, P.; Huvet, A.; Duflos, G.; Paul-Pont, I. 2016. Microplastics in seafood: Benchmark protocol for their extraction and characterization. Environmental Pollution 122: 253-258.
Derraik, J.G.B. 2002. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: 842-852.
Digka, N.; Tsanagaris, C.; Torre, M.; Anastasopoulou, A.; Zeri, C. 2018. Microplastics in mussels and fish from the Northern Ionian Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 135: 30-40.
Eriksen, M.; Mason, S.; Wilson, S.; Box, C.; Zellers, A. Edwards, W.; Farley, H.; Amato, S. 2013. Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Marine Pollution Bulletin 77: 177-182.
Fazey, F.M.C.; Ryan, P.G. 2016. Biofouling on buoyant marine plastics: An experimental study into the ef-fect of size on surface longevity. Environmental Pollution 210: 354-360.
Foekema, E.M.; de Gruijter, C.; Mergia, M.T.; van Franeker, J.A.; Murk, A.J.; Koelmans, A.A. 2013. Plastic in North Sea Fish. Environmental Science & Technology 47: 8818-8824.
Frias, J.P.G.L.; Gago, J.; Otero, V.; Sobral, P. 2016. Microplastics in coastal sediments from Southern Portu-guese shelf waters. Marine Environmental Research 114: 24-30.
GESAMP. 2016. Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: part two of a global assessment. GESAMP No. 93. IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection, International Maritime Organization. Disponible en: http://www.gesamp.org/publications/microplastics-in-the-marine-environment-part-2
Gewert, B.; Plassmann, M.M.; MacLeod, M. 2015. Pathways for degradation of plastic polymers floating in the marine environment. Environmental science Processes & Impacts 17: 1513-1519.
Goldstein, M.C.; Goodwin, D.S. 2013. Gooseneck barnacles (Lepas spp.) ingest microplastic debris in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. PeerJ 1:e184.
Gregory, M.R. 2009. Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings—entanglement, inges-tion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364: 2013–2025.
Guzzetti, E.; Sureda, A.; Tejada, S.; Faggio, C. 2018. Microplastic in marine organism: Environmental and toxicological effects. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology 64: 164-171.
Hanvey, J.S.; Lewis, P.J.; Lavers, J.L.; Crosbie, N.D.; Pozo, K.; Clarke, B.O. 2017. A review of analytical techniques for quantifying microplastics in sediments. Analytical Methods 9: 1369-1383.
Hermsen, E.; Pompe, R.; Besseling, E.; Koelmans, A.A. 2017. Detection of low numbers of microplastics in North Sea fish using strict quality assurance criteria. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 122: 253-258.
Herrera, A.; Ŝtindlová, A.; Martínez, I.; Rapp, J.; Romero-Kutzner, V.; Samper, M.D.; Montoto, T. Aguiar-González, B.; Packard, T.; Gómez, M. 2019. Microplastic ingestion by Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias) in the Canary Islands coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 139: 127-135.
Hidalgo-Ruz, V.L.; Gutow, L.; Thompson, R.C.; Thiel, M. 2012. Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification. Environmental Science & Technolo-gy 46: 3060-3075
Hong, S.H.; Shim, W.J.; Jang, M. 2018. Chemicals associated with marine plastic debris and microplastics: Analyses and contaminant levels. En: Zeng, E.Y. (Comp.). Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Envi-ronments - An Emerging Matter of Environmental Urgency. Elsevier. Países Bajos. Pp. 271-315.
Horn, D.; Miller, M.; Anderson, S.; Steele, C. 2019. Microplastics are ubiquitous on California beaches and enter the coastal food web through consumption by Pacific mole crabs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 139: 231-237.
Jiang, J. 2018. Occurrence of microplastics and its pollution in the environment: A review. Sustainable Pro-duction and Consumption 13: 16-23.
Kühn, S.; van Werven, B.; van Oyen, A.; Meijboom, A.; Rebolledo, E.L.B.; van Franeker, J.A. 2017. The use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution as a suitable approach to isolate plastics ingested by marine or-ganisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin 115: 86-90.
Kusch, P. 2017. Application of Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Compre-hensive Analytical Chemistry 75: 169-207.
Larkin, P.J. 2018. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: Principles and Spectral Interpretation. 2da Edición. Elsevie. Amsterdam, Países Bajos. 286 pp.
Lebreton, L.; Slat, B.; Ferrari, F.; Sainte-Rose, B.; Aitken, J.; Marthouse, R.; Hajbane, S.; Cunsolo, S.; Schwarz, A.; Levivier, A.; Noble, K.; Debeljak, P.; Maral, H.; Schoeneich-Argent, R.; Brambini, R.; Reisser, J. 2018. Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Scientific Reports 8: 4666.
Lee, J.; Hong, S.; Song, Y.K.; Hong, S.H.; Jang, Y.C.; Jang, M.; Heo, N.W.; Han, G.M.; Lee, M.J.; Kang, D.; Shim, W.J. 2013. Relationships among the abundances of plastic debris in different size classes on beaches in South Korea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 77: 349-354.
Lenz, R.; Enders, K.; Stadmon, C.A.; Mackenzie, D.M.A.; Nielsen, T.G. 2015. A critical assessment of visual identification of marine microplastic using Raman spectroscopy for analysis improvement. Marine Pollu-tion Bulletin 100: 82-91.
Leslie, H.A.; Brandsma, S.H.; van Velzen, M.J.; Vethaak, A.D. 2017. Microplastics en route: Field measure-ments in the Dutch river delta and Amsterdam canals, wastewater treatment plants, North Sea sediments and biota. Environment international 101: 133-142.
Li, J.; Green, C.; Reynolds, A.; Shi, H.; Rothell J.M. 2018. Microplastics in mussels sampled from coastal waters and supermarkets in the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollution 241: 35-44.
Li, W.C. 2018. The Occurrence, Fate, and Effects of Microplastics in the Marine Environment. En: Zeng, E.Y. (Comp.). Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments - An Emerging Matter of Environmental Urgency. Elsevier. Países Bajos. Pp. 133-173.
Ling, S.D.; Sinclair, M.; Levi, C.J.; Reeves, S.E.; Edgar, G.J. 2017. Ubiquity of microplastics in coastal sea-floor sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 121: 104-110.
Löder, M.G.J.; Kuczera, M.; Mintening, S.; Lorenz, C.; Gerdts, G. 2015. Focal plane array detector-based micro-Fourier-transform infrared imaging for the analysis of microplastics in environmental samples. Environmental Chemistry 12: 563-581.
Lusher, A. Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Distribution, Interactions and Effects. En: Bergmann, M.; Gutow, L.; Klages, M. (Comp.). Marine Anthropogenic Litter. Springer. Alemania. Pp. 245-307.
Lv, W.; Zhou, W.; Lu, S.; Huang, W.; Yuan, Q.; Tian, M.; Lv, W.; He, D. 2019. Microplastic pollution in rice-fish co-culture system: A report of three farmland stations in Shanghai, China. Science of the Total Envi-ronment 652: 1209-1218.
Mathalon, A.; Hill, P. 2014. Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 81: 69-79.
McDermid, K.J.; McMullen, T.L. 2004. Quantitative analysis of small-plastic debris on beaches in the Ha-waiian archipelago. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48: 790-794.
Moreira, F.T.; Prantoni, A.L.; Martini, B.; de Abreu, M.A.; Staiev, S.B.; Turra, A. 2016. Small-scale temporal and spatial variability in the abundance of plastic pellets on sandy beaches: Methodological considera-tions for estimating the input of microplastics. Marine Pollution Bulletin 102: 114-121.
Nelms, S.E.; Galloway, T.S.; Godley, B.J.; Jarvis, D.S.; Lindeque, P.K. 2018. Investigating microplastic trophic transfer in marine top predators. Environmental Pollution 238: 999-1007.
Nuelle, M.; Dekiff, J.H.; Remy, D.; Fries, E. 2014. A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments. Environmental Pollution 184: 161-169.
Ory, N.; Chagnon, C.; Felix, F.; Fernández, C.; Ferreira, J.L.; Gallardo, C.; Garcés Ordóñez, O.; Henostroza, A.; Laaz, E.; Mizraji, R.; Mojica, H.; Murillo Haro, V. Ossa Medina, L.; Preciado, M.; Sobral P.; Urbina, M.A.; Thiel, M. 2018. Low prevalence of microplastic contamination in planktivorous fish species from the southeast Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 127: 211-216.
Pan, Z.; Guo, H.; Chen, H.; Wang, S.; Sun, X.; Zou, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Lin, H.; Cai, S.; Huang, J. 2019. Micro-plastics in the Northwestern Pacific: Abundance, distribution, and characteristics. Science of the Total Environment 650: 1913-1922.
Phuong, N.N.; Poirier, L.; Pham, Q.T.; Lagarde, F.; Zalouk-Vergnoux, A. 2018. Factors influencing the mi-croplastic contamination of bivalves from the French Atlantic coast: Location, season and/or mode of life? Marine Pollution Bulletin 129: 664-674.
Phuong, N.N.; Zalouk-Vergnoux, A.; Kamari, A.; Mouneyrac, C.; Amiard, F.; Poirier, L.; Lagarde, F. 2018. Quantification and characterization of microplastics in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis): protocol setup and preliminary data on the contamination of the French Atlantic coast. Environmental Science and Pollu-tion Research International 25: 6135-6144.
Piñon-Colin, T.J.; Rodriguez-Jimenez, R.; Pastrana-Corral, M.A.; Rogel-Hernandez, E.; Wakida, F.T. 2018. Microplastics on sandy beaches of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin 131: 63-71.
PlasticsEurope. 2016. Plastics - the facts 2016: an analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data. PlasticsEurope – Association of Plastics Manufacturers. Disponible en: https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/4315/1310/4805/plastic-the-fact-2016.pdf
Prata, J.C.; da Costa, J.P.; Duarte, A.C.; Rocha-Santos, T. 2019. Methods for sampling and detection of mi-croplastics in water and sediment: A critical review. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 110: 150-159.
Provencher, J.F.; Vermaire, J.C.; Avery-Gomm, S.; Braune, B.M.; Mallory, M.L. 2018. Garbage in guano? Microplastic debris found in faecal precursors of seabirds known to ingest plastics. Science of the Total Environment 644: 1477-1484.
Purca, S.; Henostroza, A. 2017. Presencia de microplásticos en cuatro playas arenosas de Perú. Revista Pe-ruana de Biología 24: 101-106.
Qiu, Q.; Tan, Z.; Wang, J.; Peng, J.; Li, M.; Zhan, Z. 2016. Extraction, enumeration and identification meth-ods for monitoring microplastics in the environment. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 176: 102-109.
Ribeiro-Claro, P.; Nolasco, M.M.; Araújo, C. 2017. Characterization of Microplastics by Raman Spectros-copy. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry 75: 119-151.
Richardson, S.D.; Ternes, T.A. 2018. Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Analytical Chemistry 90: 398-428.
Rochman, C.M.; Cook, A.M.; Koelmans, A.A. 2016. Plastic debris and policy: Using current scientific under-standing to invoke positive change. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 35: 1617-1626.
Rochman, C.M.; Kurobe, T.; Flores, I.; Teh, S.J. 2014. Early warning signs of endocrine disruption in adult fish from the ingestion of polyethylene with and without sorbed chemical pollutants from the marine en-vironment. Science of the Total Environment 493: 656-661.
Romeo, T.; Pietro, B.; Pedà, C.; Consoli, P.; Andaloro, F.; Fossi, M.C. 2015. First evidence of presence of plastic debris in stomach of large pelagic fish in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 95: 358-361.
Ryan, P.G.; Moore, C.J.; van Franeker, J.A.; Moloney, C.L. 2009. Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment. Philosophical Transactions B: Biological Sciences 364: 1999-2012.
Ryan, P.G. 2014. Litter survey detects the South Atlantic ‘garbage patch’. Marine Pollution Bulletin 79: 220-224.
Setälä, O.; Fleming-Lehtinen, V.; Lehtiniemi, M. 2014. Ingestion and transfer of microplastics in the plank-tonic food web. Environmental Pollution 185: 77-83.
Sharma, S.; Chatterjee, S. 2017. Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: a short review. Environmental Science Pollution Research 24: 21530-21547.
Shim, W.J.; Hong, S.H.; Eo, S. 2017. Identification methods in microplastic analysis: a review. Analytical Methods 9: 1384-1391.
Shim, W.J.; Hong, S.H.; Eo, S. 2018. Marine Microplastics: Abundance, Distribution, and Composition. En: Zeng, E.Y. (Comp.). Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments - An Emerging Matter of En-vironmental Urgency. Elsevier. Países Bajos. Pp. 1-26.
Silva, A.B.; Bastos, A.S.; Justino, C.I.L.; da Costa, J.P.; Duarte, A.C.; Rocha-Santos, T.A.P. 2018. Microplas-tics in the environment: Challenges in analytical chemistry - A review. Analytica Chimica Acta 1017: 1-19.
Su, L.; Deng, H.; Li, B.; Chen, Q.; Pettigrove, V.; Wu, C.; Shi, H. 2019. The occurrence of microplastic in spe-cific organs in commercially caught fishes from coast and estuary area of east China. Journal of hazard-ous materials 365: 716-724.
Talsness, C.E.; Andrade, A.J.; Kuriyama, S.N.; Taylor, J.A.; vom Saal, F.S. 2009. Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health. Philosophical Transactions B: Biologi-cal Sciences 364: 2079-2096.
Thompson, R.C.; Olsen, Y.; Mitchell, R.P.; Davis, A.; Rowland, S.J.; John, A.W.G.; McGonigle, D.; Russell, A.E. 2004. Lost at Sea: Where Is All the Plastic? Science 304: 838.
Tourinho, P.S.; do Sul, J.A.I.; Filmann, G. 2010. Is marine debris ingestion still a problem for the coastal ma-rine biota of southern Brazil? Marine Pollution Bulletin 60: 396-401.
Van Cauwenberghe, L.; Janssen, C.R. 2014. Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption. En-vironmental Pollution 193: 65-70.
Vandermeersch, G.; Van Cauwenberghe, L.; Janssen, C.R.; Marques, A.; Granby, K.; Fait, G.; Kotterman, M.J.; Diogène, J.; Bekaert, K.; Robbens, J.; Devriese, L. 2015. A critical view on microplastic quantifica-tion in aquatic organisms. Environmental Research 143: 46-55.
Von Moos, N.; Burkhardt-Holm, P.; Köhler, A. 2012. Uptake and effects of microplastics on cells and tissue of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis L. after an experimental exposure. Environmental Science & Technol-ogy 46: 11327-11335.
Wagner, J.; Wang, Z.; Ghosal, S.; Rochman, C.; Gassel, M.; Wall, S. 2017. Novel method for the extraction and identification of microplastics in ocean trawl and fish gut matrices. Analytical Methods 9: 1479-1490.
Wang, W.; Wang, J. Investigation of microplastics in aquatic environments: An overview of the methods used, from field sampling to laboratory analysis. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 108: 195-202.
Wang, J.; Wang, M.; Ru, S.; Liu, X. 2019. High levels of microplastic pollution in the sediments and benthic organisms of the South Yellow Sea, China. Science of the Total Environment 651: 1661-1669.
Wright, S.L.; Thompson, R.C.; Galloway, T.S. 2013. The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organ-isms: A review. Environmental Pollution 178: 483-492.
Yang, D.; Shi, G.; Li, L.; Li, J.; Jabeen, K.; Kolandhasamy, P. 2015. Microplastic Pollution in Table Salts from China. Environmental Science & Technology 49: 13622-13627.
Zhang, C.; Zhou, H.; Cui, Y.; Wang, C.; Li, Y.; Zhang, D. 2019. Microplastics in offshore sediment in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, China. Environmental Pollution 244: 827-833.
Zobkov, M.B.; Esiukova, E.E. 2018. Microplastics in a Marine Environment: Review of Methods for Sam-pling, Processing, and Analyzing Microplastics in Water, Bottom Sediments, and Coastal Deposits. Oceanology 58: 137-143.
Zhu, J.; Yu, X.; Zhang, Q.; Li, Y.; Tan, S.; Li, D.; Yang, Z.; Wang, J. 2019. Cetaceans and microplastics: First report of microplastic ingestion by a coastal delphinid, Sousa chinensis. Science of the Total Environ-ment 659: 649-654.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Los autores/as que publiquen en esta revista aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
- Los autores/as conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación, con el trabajo registrado con la licencia de atribución de Creative Commons, que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que mencionen la autoría del trabajo y a la primera publicación en esta revista.
- Los autores/as pueden realizar otros acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del artículo publicado en esta revista (p. ej., incluirlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro) siempre que indiquen claramente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en esta revista.
- Se permite y recomienda a los autores/as a publicar su trabajo en Internet (por ejemplo en páginas institucionales o personales) antes y durante el proceso de revisión y publicación, ya que puede conducir a intercambios productivos y a una mayor y más rápida difusión del trabajo publicado
