Sitio forestal: influencia de los factores edáficos, climáticos y topográficos sobre la adaptabilidad de las especies forestales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2026.49Palavras-chave:
Calidad de sitio forestal, factores edáficos, variabilidad climática, topografía y microclima, ecofisiología forestal, resiliencia de ecosistemas forestalesResumo
El sitio forestal definido como la interacción de factores climáticos, edáficos y topográficos condicionan la productividad, estabilidad y resiliencia de los ecosistemas forestales. El objetivo de esta revisión ha sido recopilar y sistematizar el estado de conocimiento sobre el sitio forestal y los factores que condicionan la adaptabilidad de las especies forestales. Se describe la influencia de factores edáficos: 11 propiedades físicas, 20 propiedades químicas, seis propiedades biológicas, asimismo, ocho factores climáticos y seis factores topográficos. El clima y sus factores: temperatura, precipitación, radiación solar, humedad relativa, déficit de presión de vapor y viento, controlan los procesos fisiológicos fundamentales de los árboles, incluyendo la fotosíntesis, respiración, transpiración, crecimiento cambial y reproducción. El suelo forestal es un sistema biogeoquímico dinámico, donde la textura, profundidad, estructura, materia orgánica, pH y nutrientes, regulan el desarrollo radicular, la retención de agua y la nutrición vegetal, mientras que la actividad microbiana y las asociaciones micorrízicas desempeñan un rol clave en el reciclaje de nutrientes, el secuestro de carbono y la atenuación del estrés climático y la topografía modifica el clima local y las propiedades del suelo, generando microclimas y heterogeneidad espacial que explican patrones diferenciales de crecimiento, regeneración y composición de especies dentro del paisaje forestal. Se concluye que, el clima actúa como el principal determinante de la distribución y adaptabilidad de las especies a escala regional, mientras que el suelo y la topografía modulan dichas respuestas a nivel local y de micrositio, determinando así, la adaptabilidad de las especies forestales.
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