Biofortificación agronómica, nutrir plantas para nutrir personas: Una revisión de estrategias y resultados
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2026.50Palabras clave:
micronutrientes, seguridad alimentaria, biodisponibilidad, malnutrición, fertilidad del sueloResumen
La biofortificación agronómica es una estrategia clave para incrementar el contenido de microelementos en los cultivos básicos y asegurar la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional a nivel mundial. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo sintetizar los avances recientes en el uso de la fertilización, el empleo de microorganismos y otras tecnologías para aumentar los contenidos de microelementos como zinc, hierro, selenio y yodo en granos y hortalizas, complementado con un análisis bibliométrico de las tendencias globales de investigación en este tópico. Los resultados del mapeo bibliométrico muestran la evolución de la producción científica, mientras que la literatura analizada indica que las aplicaciones de micronutrientes a los cultivos, mediante fertilización foliar o edáfica, el acondicionamiento de semillas y otras prácticas agrícolas responsables pueden incrementar la disponibilidad de micronutrientes en los alimentos sin afectar el rendimiento de los cultivos. Sin embargo, la respuesta a la biofortificación agronómica depende en gran medida del cultivo, ya que especies como la papa y el trigo difieren en su capacidad de absorción y translocación de micronutrientes, lo que exige ajustar la dosis, el momento de aplicación y la fuente más adecuada para cada especie. En conclusión, la biofortificación agronómica es una alternativa viable para cubrir parte del requerimiento nutricional de micronutrientes y así contribuir a mitigar la desnutrición y las deficiencias de micronutrientes a nivel poblacional. No obstante, aún persisten vacíos importantes respecto al grado real de aprovechamiento de estos micronutrientes por el ser humano, es decir, su bioaccesibilidad y biodisponibilidad, por lo que se requieren más estudios que vinculen la producción agrícola con la nutrición humana.
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