Scientia Agropecuaria es una revista científica de periodicidad trimestral, que fomenta la generación y diseminación del conocimiento científico, publicando trabajos originales y de revisión en el campo de las ciencias agropecuarias. Actualmente está indizada en: SCOPUS, ESCI (Web of Science), DOAJ, Chemical Abstracts Services, AGRIS/FAO, Redalyc, SciELO, REDIB, DIALNET, BASE, MIAR, LATINDEX, Sherpa Romeo.
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Effect of edible mushroom antioxidants on the oxidative stability and quality of meat products: advances and research trends through a systematic and bibliometric review
Lipid and protein oxidation remain key challenges that limit the technological, sensory, and nutritional quality of meat products. This systematic review compiles evidence published from 2011 to 2025 on the antioxidant properties of edible mushrooms and their ability to reduce oxidative breakdown in meat matrices. Searches were performed in Scopus and Web of Science, yielding 821 records, of which 60 met the inclusion criteria in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Across studies, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus, Flammulina velutipes, and Hericium erinaceus consistently showed significant reductions in lipid peroxidation (20% – 40% decreases in TBARS) and moderate reductions in protein carbonylation. These antioxidant effects were mechanistically linked to synergistic interactions among phenolic acids, ergothioneine, flavonoids, and β-glucans. Additional benefits included improvements in color stability, water-holding capacity, and fiber and amino acid profiles. However, substantial variability was present across different species, extraction methods, and inclusion levels. Evidence supporting the inhibition of protein oxidation remains limited, bioaccessibility data are scarce, and standardization of mushroom-based meat products is lacking. Overall, edible mushrooms show strong potential as multifunctional, clean-label antioxidant systems; nonetheless, more mechanistic, quantitative, and digestion-focused studies are needed for industrial-scale application. These findings indicate promising applications in clean-label meat reformulation, although industrial validation and standardized reporting of oxidative markers remain required.
Derechos de autor 2026 Scientia Agropecuaria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Isosteric heat of sorption in powders produced from agro-industrial byproducts: a systematic review and meta-analysis
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze data published since 2007 on the isosteric heat of sorption ( ) in powdered foods derived from agro-industrial by-products, in order to support the optimization of dehydration processes and their sustainable use in the food industry. Twenty-five studies were included following a structured search strategy. Results showed that powdered by-products predominantly exhibit Brunauer type II (sigmoidal) and type III isotherms, strongly influenced by their composition. Type II curves were associated with protein-, starch-, and biopolymer-rich powders, while type III behavior characterized sugar- and fiber-rich matrices. The Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model consistently provided the best fit (R² > 0.90), with monolayer moisture content ( ) ranging from 0.006 to 0.6 g water/g dry matter and generally decreasing with temperature. Cluster analysis grouped powders according to values, composition, and temperature, highlighting the role of matrix structure in water retention behavior. The isosteric heat of sorption ( ) exhibited both endothermic and exothermic behavior (–88.4 to 58.0 kJ/mol), with higher energy requirements during desorption. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that is mainly associated with fiber-rich matrices, whereas the GAB parameter C is linked to carbohydrate and lipid fractions. In contrast, showed weak association with the principal components, indicating that sorption energetics are not directly aligned with structural variability but rather reflect localized molecular interactions. Overall, sorption behavior of powdered by-products is governed by the combined effect of composition, structural water retention, and energetic interactions, which are critical for improving drying and storage conditions.
Impacto del cambio climático sobre el rendimiento de papa en el Altiplano Peruano: Un estudio experimental, con modelado en AquaCrop y generación de escenarios al 2050
El cambio climático es una amenaza crítica para la seguridad alimentaria en regiones altoandinas, donde la papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) es un cultivo estratégico. En el Altiplano Peruano, se proyectan aumentos de temperatura y reducciones de precipitación que elevan la vulnerabilidad de los sistemas agrícolas de secano. En este contexto, los modelos de simulación son esenciales para anticipar impactos y diseñar medidas de adaptación. Este estudio evaluó los efectos del cambio climático sobre el rendimiento de tres variedades de papa (Imilla Blanca, Imilla Negra y Andina) en Taraco y Juliaca, usando el modelo AquaCrop calibrado y validado con datos experimentales entre 2018 y 2021. Los ensayos se realizaron bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con tres fechas de siembra. La calibración empleó información fenológica, biomasa y rendimiento, evaluada mediante indicadores estadísticos (r, RMSE, d y EF), mostrando un ajuste robusto. Con el modelo validado se simularon rendimientos hacia 2050 bajo escenarios RCP4.5 y RCP8.5 en condiciones de secano y riego. Los resultados mostraron reducciones significativas en Taraco, especialmente en secano y siembras tempranas, mientras que en Juliaca se proyectaron incrementos bajo riego, aunque con alta variabilidad entre modelos. La variedad Andina evidenció mayor resiliencia frente al estrés hídrico, mientras que Imilla Negra fue la más vulnerable en secano. Estos hallazgos destacan que el acceso al riego, la selección de variedades resilientes y el ajuste del calendario de siembra son estrategias clave para mitigar impactos y fortalecer la seguridad alimentaria en el Altiplano peruano.
Comparative analysis of conserved miRNAs in maize germination and vegetative development
Seed germination represents a metabolically active but transcriptionally limited transition that depends largely on post-transcriptional regulation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression through mRNA slicing or translational inhibition, and may play an important role in controlling stored mRNAs during early germination. In this study, we combined bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation to identify conserved miRNAs involved in maize (Zea mays) germination. Mature miRNA sequences from Zea mays and Oryza sativa were retrieved from PMRD and miRBase v22.1, identifying conserved candidates across cereals. From this set, ten miRNAs were selected based on sequence conservation and reported roles in seed biology. Target prediction using thermodynamic modelling (ViennaRNA; MFE ≤ −25 kcal/mol) revealed potential interactions between specific miRNAs and mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins, suggesting regulation of the translational machinery. Expression analysis by Northern blot across germination stages (0, 6, 12, and 24 h) and vegetative tissues showed distinct patterns. miR528 and miR396a were highly expressed in seeds but absent in vegetative tissues, while miR408 decreased after imbibition. miR414 and miR415 displayed transient expression during germination. Notably, miR160a was strongly expressed during germination, suggesting a role beyond vegetative development. These results support a model in which miRNAs regulate stored mRNAs and translation during germination. This work provides candidate miRNAs for functional studies and potential targets for improving seed vigor and early seedling establishment in maize.
Modelado espacial de propiedades fisicoquímicas y fertilidad del suelo en sistemas agrícolas tropicales bajo distinta heterogeneidad estructural mediante UAV multiespectral y geoestadística
La variabilidad espacial del suelo condiciona la eficiencia productiva, la gestión de nutrientes y la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas tropicales, especialmente en contextos donde la heterogeneidad limita la implementación de estrategias de manejo sitio-específico. En este estudio se comparó el desempeño de un flujo analítico basado en imágenes UAV multiespectrales, regresión lineal múltiple (MLR) e interpolación geoestadística en dos sistemas agrícolas con distinta heterogeneidad, un sistema multicultivo a escala de estación y un sistema arrocero con diferentes densidades de siembra, ambos ubicados en la Estación Experimental Agraria El Porvenir (San Martín, Perú). Se analizaron 60 muestras en el componente multicultivo y 27 en el sistema arrocero, georreferenciadas a 30 cm de profundidad, evaluando pH, conductividad eléctrica, nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, carbono orgánico del suelo y textura. Se aplicó un flujo analítico homogéneo en ambos sistemas (correlación de Spearman, MLR stepwise y kriging ordinario). Los resultados evidenciaron diferencias marcadas en el desempeño predictivo, en el sistema arrocero se alcanzaron valores de R² de prueba de 0,93 para nitrógeno y 0,88 para fósforo, mientras que en el sistema multicultivo los mayores R² fueron 0,42 para conductividad eléctrica y 0,37 para limo. Asimismo, los índices espectrales basados en NIR y red edge mostraron mayor asociación con los atributos edáficos evaluados. Los resultados demuestran que el desempeño depende de la heterogeneidad estructural del sistema, donde entornos más homogéneos favorecen la predicción puntual, mientras que sistemas más heterogéneos potencian la zonificación y delimitación de unidades de manejo.
Teledetección del rendimiento del arroz mediante el índice SAVI obtenido con drones y modelos de aprendizaje automático supervisado en zonas bajas tropicales
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la capacidad del índice de vegetación ajustado al suelo (SAVI, soil-adjusted vegetation index) derivado de imágenes multiespectrales obtenidas mediante vehículos aéreos no tripulados (UAV, unmanned aerial vehicles) para diferenciar las zonas productivas de las que no lo son en parcelas arroceras de selva baja tropical, en la región San Martín, Perú. Se usó un diseño de bloques completos al azar en dos localidades, con tres variedades de arroz, y se tomaron imágenes multiespectrales usando plataformas UAV. El rendimiento real de campo se midió con muestreo destructivo georreferenciado, ajustando el peso del grano a una humedad estándar y expresándolo en toneladas por hectárea. Con esos datos, las parcelas se clasificaron en zonas productivas y no productivas según criterios de umbral obtenidos de las mediciones directas. Después se extrajo los valores de SAVI y se usaron como variable de entrada en varios modelos de clasificación supervisada: regresión logística, máquinas de soporte vectorial (SVM), k vecinos más cercanos (KNN), bosque aleatorio y árbol de decisión. Los resultados mostraron que los valores de SAVI entre 0,50 y 0,70 se relacionaban con las zonas productivas, mientras que los que estaban entre 0,30 y 0,50 correspondían a las no productivas. La regresión logística y el SVM fueron los que mejor rindieron, con una exactitud global del 88,9%, valores de F1 por encima del 92% y un balance adecuado entre sensibilidad y especificidad. Esto demuestra que el SAVI con aprendizaje automático supervisado es una estrategia para discriminar espacialmente la productividad del arroz, con potencial para apoyar en el monitoreo dentro de la parcela y en las decisiones agronómicas en sistemas arroceros tropicales.
Minthostachys mollis: Chemical composition, biological activities and potential applications in a systematic and bibliometric review
Minthostachys mollis, commonly known as muña, is an aromatic medicinal plant widely distributed in the Andean region and traditionally used to treat various conditions. In recent years, scientific interest in this species has increased due to its chemical composition, biological activities, and potential applications in different sectors. The objective of this study was to systematically and bibliometrically analyze the scientific literature on Minthostachys mollis in order to synthesize the available evidence on its phytochemical composition, biological activities, and potential applications. To this end, a systematic search was conducted in the Scopus database from 2005 to 2026. The selection of studies was carried out following the guidelines of the PRISMA protocol. Likewise, a bibliometric analysis was performed to identify research trends. The results showed a progressive increase in the number of publications in recent years, with greater scientific output in countries in the Andean region, particularly Peru and Argentina. Phytochemical studies indicated that the essential oil of Minthostachys mollis is mainly composed of monoterpenes such as pulegone, menthone, and limonene. In addition, several studies reported relevant biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticidal, repellent, antioxidant, and pharmacological properties. These findings highlight the potential of this species as a source of bioactive compounds with applications in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food sectors. However, challenges remain related to variability in chemical composition, standardization of extracts, and evaluation of safety and efficacy under real-world conditions of use. In this context, future research should focus on phytochemical standardization, the development of innovative formulations, and the validation of their applications through more advanced experimental studies.
The objective of this review is to synthesize current scientific knowledge on the physiological processes that govern porcine reproduction and their interactions with key metabolic and hormonal factors. It addresses gametogenesis (oogenesis and spermatogenesis), the estrous cycle, folliculogenesis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, as well as critical fertilization events such as sperm capacitation, the acrosomal reaction, and fertilization itself. Embryogenesis and gestation are also examined, with emphasis on underlying biochemical and hormonal mechanisms. Special attention is given to metabolic analytes—glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol—and their influence on the synthesis and regulation of reproductive hormones including estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and testosterone. The review focuses on physiological and biochemical aspects specific to domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), offering a targeted analysis relevant to both livestock production and biomedical research. The integration of metabolic and endocrine perspectives enhances our understanding of how nutrient availability, energy balance, and environmental stress affect reproductive efficiency. Key findings highlight the central role of the HPG axis in coordinating gonadotropin release and steroidogenesis, the impact of metabolic homeostasis on gamete quality and embryo viability, and the importance of hormonal feedback in regulating the reproductive cycle. Practical applications such as estrus synchronization and artificial insemination are discussed in light of these physiological insights. In conclusion, porcine reproductive physiology is shaped by a complex interplay of hormonal and metabolic factors that determine fertility and gestational success. Despite recent advances, further research is needed to better understand metabolic–hormonal crosstalk, particularly during gestation, and to enhance outcomes in both agricultural and biomedical contexts.
Conversion of coffee and plastics residues into activated carbon by chemical activation with ammonia
Aiming for the valorization of agricultural biomass residues such as coffee husks and plastics wastes such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a method for transforming them into activated carbon by using ammonia chloride as activation agent is presented in this study. Firstly, mixtures of PET waste were processed through a pyrolytic process at different operational conditions through a factorial experimental design. The obtained material with the best characteristics of specific surface area (SSA) and mass yield was obtained at 600 °C and 2.5 hours of treatment. These parameters were then used for performing the activation of coffee husks residues and mixtures of them with PET (in mass rates of 1:1 and 1:2 of PET and biomass, respectively) All the obtained materials were then characterized through a Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and a Differential Scanning Calorimetry - Thermogravimetric Analysis (DSC–TGA) technique, and other physicochemical properties (particle size, bulk density, humidity content and ash content) were also measured, all properties were then compared with characteristics of commercial activated carbon. The activated carbon obtained from coffee husks residues showed a low specific surface area (SSA) and a higher pyrolysis yield. The mixtures of biomass and PET showed lower SSA and higher pyrolysis yield than the ones obtained from PET. The mixture of 1:1 is the best on SSA and yield. The textural analysis was performed (BET, BJH, XRF, XRD and SEM–EDS) on the samples of pure pet and mixture 1:1. This shows that the method allows the utilization of coffee and PET residues to produce activated carbon in a more sustainable way respect to other methods of activation (the proposed method uses low mass relations 10% and no postprocessing).
Endophytic bacteria isolated from the medicinal plant kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): Morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics, and their potential use as plant growth promoters
Endophytic bacteria live within and colonize plant tissues, forming symbiotic interactions that often enhance host growth, health, and stress tolerance without causing harm. This study aimed to isolate endophytic bacterial strains from the medicinal plant ‘kratom’ (Mitragyna speciosa), characterize their biological functions by analyzing morphological, biochemical, and molecular properties, and evaluate their plant growth-promoting potential. The research followed standard procedures for isolating and analyzing the production of plant growth-promoting compounds, including indole-3-acetic acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, siderophores, cellulase, nitrogen fixation, and phosphate solubilization, and for assessing their effects on soybean in planta, including bacterial root colonization and plant growth. Of the isolates tested by 16S rDNA sequencing, five were successfully identified, belonging to Chromobacterium alkanivorans (2), Bacillus methylotrophicus (1), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1), and Chromobacterium violaceum (1). Quantitative assays showed that the bacterial isolates produced 13.35 – 24.11 g mL-1 of indole acetic acid, 20.77 – 24.95 μg mL-1 of inorganic phosphate solubilization activity, 63.34 – 84.29 U mL-1 of acid phosphatase, and 2.92 – 4.86 U mL-1 of cellulase. Qualitative tests confirmed that each isolate produced siderophores, nitrogenase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, indole acetic acid, cellulase, and both organic and inorganic phosphate solubilization. Greenhouse experiments demonstrated that all bacterial isolates promoted plant growth, increasing soybean shoot length by 17.71% to 54.17%, root length by 14.36% to 39.34%, and total dry weight by 2.24% to 56.71% compared to controls. These findings support the potential application of endophytes as biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture, highlighting their capacity as plant growth-promoting bacteria.
Fusarium in banana from Ecuador: A morphological, molecular and pathogenic study as a control strategy
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is associated with wilting in banana cultivation. The soil-dwelling phytopathogenic fungus has caused devastating consequences worldwide. The races that affect bananas are 1, 2 and 4, the latter very feared because of the epidemics caused since its identification, and because to date an effective control against the pathogen has not been determined. Therefore, the objective of the research was to isolate and characterize morphologically using four culture media, and molecularly the fungus in order to evaluate its pathogenicity with in vitro and greenhouse tests. 20 symptomatic samples were collected from an apple variety banana plantation. Subsequently, isolations were made from vascular tissue. The morphological identification of the isolates obtained was decisive to use a single strain for subsequent analysis and trials due to the similarity of the isolate’s strains. These strains were characterized by a cottony white mycelium that gradually changed to purple. Microscopy identified macroconidia, microconidia and chlamydospores. Molecular analysis was performed through the genes: translation elongation factor TEF1α, and Rpb2. The strain (Fus banana) was identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, accessions TEF1α (PV682586), Rpb2 (PV682587). The results were expressed in terms of incidence and severity. The medium malt extract registered a higher incidence reaching 99%. Regarding the distribution of severity, a progressive pattern in the intensity of symptoms was observed. The results obtained constitute consistent scientific support for future studies that are oriented towards the development of reliable diagnostic tools, the evaluation of pathogenicity in banana materials and the design of integrated management strategies against this pathogen with high economic and phytosanitary impact.
Reemplazo parcial de Artemia sp. por Moina sp. como alimento vivo y destete temprano con una dieta comercial: efectos sobre el crecimiento, la supervivencia y la histología digestiva de alevines de paiche (Arapaima sp.)
El paiche (Arapaima sp.) es una especie emblemática de la Amazonía peruana, cuya producción sostenible sigue limitada por la escasa disponibilidad de alevines en cautiverio. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el reemplazo parcial de Artemia sp. por Moina sp. durante la fase de alimento vivo y el efecto del destete temprano con una dieta comercial para trucha sobre el crecimiento, la supervivencia y la histología del sistema digestivo. Se realizó un ensayo de 37 días con seis tratamientos por triplicado, definidos por tres tallas de destete (3, 3,5 y 4 cm de longitud total) y dos regímenes de alimento vivo (100% Artemia sp. o 50% Artemia sp. + 50% Moina sp.). Todos los grupos fueron destetados con la misma dieta comercial. El reemplazo del 50% de Artemia sp. por Moina sp. no comprometió el desempeño inicial. Sin embargo, los alevines destinados al destete a 4 cm presentaron una reducción del crecimiento mientras permanecieron exclusivamente con alimento vivo, lo que sugiere limitaciones del protocolo de alimentación viva a esa talla. El destete a 4 cm se asoció con mejores indicadores de crecimiento y supervivencia que los destetes a 3 y 3,5 cm. No obstante, la dieta comercial resultó inapropiada para el destete temprano, evidenciándose a nivel histológico mediante alteraciones como obstrucción del lumen, deterioro de las vellosidades e hiperplasia del epitelio intestinal. En conjunto, estos resultados subrayan la necesidad de desarrollar dietas específicas para el paiche, adaptadas a sus requerimientos durante las etapas tempranas.
Screening commercial disinfectants to strengthen on-farm biosecurity for the prevention of Fusarium wilt of banana Tropical Race 4 in Ecuador
Bananas (Musa spp.), often reported together with plantains, are among the most traded fruit commodities worldwide, particularly in terms of export volume and value, with Ecuador recognized as the leading global exporter, supplying approximately one quarter of the total international trade. However, its production is increasingly threatened by climate change and fungal diseases such as Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4). To support preventive management strategies against Foc TR4, this study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of nine commercial disinfectants available in Ecuador—including quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), oxidizing agents, aldehydes, and alkaline substances—against conidia and chlamydospores of several Foc race 1 strains (VCG0120) as a model organism. Different concentrations and contact times were tested in the presence and absence of organic matter. Chlamydospores exhibited higher resistance than conidia, requiring greater concentrations for inhibition. Aldehyde formulations and QACs achieved the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (<1,000 ppm) and remained effective under organic load and variable contact times. These findings emphasize the need to select disinfectants with consistent efficacy under field-relevant conditions to ensure the application of proper biosecurity measures.
Mechanisms and applications of rhizobacteria in phosphorus acquisition and biocontrol of phytopathogenic nematodes
Parasitic nematodes in crops are a serious threat in worldwide agricultural production. The concerns regarding the environmental and toxicological risks associated with the usage of chemical substances encourage the pursuit of more environmentally friendly alternatives to control phytopathogenic nematodes. It's been considered viable to employ biological control agents, like bacteria, which besides having mechanisms that can control nematodes are also growth promoters for plants. This review's goal is to broaden the comprehension over bacterial agent mechanisms to suppress nematodes population and its phosphorus solubilization capability. Bacteria have antagonist interactions capable of producing metabolites, increasing the systemic resistance to plants and space competition. Chemical compounds produced by bacteria can mineralize organic phosphorus from the soil and supply it for plant adsorption. Rhizospheric bacteria have synergic action to improve growth and plant protection. This review's approach aims to contribute to the understanding of rhizobacterial potential, which dual action in vegetative growth and as nematophagus agents, makes them key tools for a sustainable management of phytopathogenic nematodes. This perspective opens the possibility to include these microorganisms and their metabolites in innovative plans for agricultural management, which can respond to productivity demand and climate change challenges.
Axillary shoots: Initiation to acclimatization on micropropagation of Philodendron ‘Super Atom’
Philodendron ‘Super Atom’ is among Indonesia's most favoured ornamental foliage plants, yet traditional propagation methods pose challenges. Establishing an in vitro propagation protocol for this plant was crucial to sustainably produce high-quality planting materials to meet consumer demand. All experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. High axillary shoots with regeneration issues were used as explant sources, initiated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 mg L-1 thidiazuron (TDZ) and 3 mg L-1 N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). A total of 4.8 shoots per explant were regenerated on MS medium supplemented with 0.3 mg L-1 BAP and 0.005 mg L-1 IAA. A slight enhancement in axillary shoot proliferation was noted on MS medium with 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, 0.5 mg L-1 TDZ, and 0.025 mg L-1 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), yielding 6.7 shoots explant-1, and 0.2 mg L-1 BAP and 0.01 mg L-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), yielding 6.9 shoots explant-1. A significant improvement was achieved on MS medium fortified with 0.2 mg L-1 BAP and 0.005 mg L-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), resulting in 13.6 shoots explant-1. Rooted shoots were readily observed in the proliferation medium. A 100% survival rate of plantlets was successfully acclimatized using a mixture of burned rice husks, hyacinth organic manure, and cocopeat (1:2:1, v/v/v), as well as burned rice husks and hyacinth organic manure (1:1, v/v). The findings of this study can serve as a model for developing and establishing new in vitro mass propagation protocols for other Philodendron species with appropriate modifications.
Incidencia de Moniliophthora roreri patógeno del cacao en el Ecuador y manejo químico a nivel in vitro e in vivo
El fitopatógeno M. roreri representa uno de los principales problemas fitosanitarios a nivel mundial, aun es un reto y representa un riesgo para la producción del cacao. El uso eficiente de fungicidas disminuye el impacto al ambiente y contribuye al cuidado para la no resistencia del patógeno. Este trabajo realizó un estudio experimental para estimar la capacidad de fungicidas químicos para el manejo in vitro e in vivo de la enfermedad y también se analizó los aislamientos efectivos del patógeno que han sido reportados en condiciones de laboratorio en el Ecuador. Se llevaron a cabo tres ensayos experimentales, el primero con un DCA para estimar dosis efectivas de azoxystrobin, sulfato de cobre pentahidratado y clorotalonil en condiciones in vitro; el segundo un DCA factorial para evaluar el efecto de antifúngicos en frutos sueltos inoculados con el patógeno en condiciones controladas usando aspersión de conidios; y un DCL para estudiar el efecto de fungicidas combinados para la disminución del patógeno en condiciones de campo, las variables evaluadas fueron: área de crecimiento, PIC en cajas Petri, incidencia, severidad externa en frutos de cacao. El sulfato de cobre y el azoxystrobin mostraron alta eficacia in vitro contra M. roreri, con un control superior al 90%. En campo, combinaciones de fungicidas redujeron significativamente la incidencia y severidad del patógeno en cacao, los frutos sueltos de cacao no resultaron adecuados para evaluar virulencia ni eficacia antifúngica. En el análisis de incidencia 59,09% de aislados M. roreri a nivel in vitro no señalaron diferencias genéticas importantes en Ecuador.
Derechos de autor 2025 Scientia Agropecuaria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical profile of native wild plants of Central Kalimantan with potential use for the development of functional foods and sustainable dietary interventions
The study investigates the phytochemical profiles of selected wild local vegetables in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, assessing their potential health benefits in addressing nutritional deficiencies prevalent in the region. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on key metabolites, including phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids, phytosterol, terpenoid, saponin, and glucosinolates. The vegetables examined in this study included Solanum torvum, Cnesmone javanica, Gymnopetalum cochinense, Stenochlaena palustris, Helminthostachys zeylanica, Nauclea orientalis, Neptunia oleraceae, Crinum sp., Etlingera elatior, Calamus sp., Solanum ferox, Colocasia esculenta, Diplazium esculentum, and Rorippa indica. Using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the total phenolic content in the ethanolic extract ranged from 107.20 to 7393.10 mg GAE 100 g-1. Total flavonoids varied from 27.17-1163.82 mg QE 100 g-1 fresh weight. Carotenoids, alkaloids, phytosterols, terpenoid, saponin ranging from 1.273-1448.80 mg 100 g-1, 78.94-1061.67 mg 100 g-1, 168.33 - 4926.67 mg 100 g-1, 914.44-15503.33 mg 100 g-1, respectively. Additionally, saponins and glucosinolates were found in concentrations ranging from 1742.22 to 19164.44 mg 100 g-1, and 92.4 to 4726.52 mg 100 g-1, respectively. N. orientalis, N. oleracea, and R. indica showed strong potential as functional foods due to their high levels of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. R. indica and D. esculentum stand out for their rich carotenoid. Additionally, the substantial amounts of phytosterols, saponins, glucosinolates, and terpenoids in N. oleracea, H. zeylanica, R. indica, and D. esculentum. Linking phytochemicals to health supports targeted diets for vulnerable groups, strengthened through diverse local vegetables and culturally adapted functional food products.
Agro-morphological characterization of tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) accessions using descriptors and spectral metrics derived from UAVs
Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis S.) is a legume native to the Andes, recognized for its high nutritional value, which gives it great potential in food security programs. Therefore, understanding and advancing the conservation of its morphological diversity is essential. In this study, 140 accessions from the national germplasm collection of the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation of Peru were evaluated, along with two cultivars ("INIA 445 Masacanchino" and "Andenes 90"). A traditional agro-morphological characterization was conducted using 16 quantitative and 40 qualitative descriptors, complemented by phenological data obtained from time series of reflectance indices generated by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Additionally, a principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to select the most relevant variables, and a clustering analysis along with a dendrogram was developed to classify the accessions. The results revealed significant differences between groups (p < 0.05) in terms of inflorescence length, number of pods on the main axis, number of primary branches, and yield per plant. Likewise, the morphological groups exhibited variations in phenophases derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Four morphological groups were identified: group 3 (G3) showed the highest growth rate followed by a decline, while group 4 (G4) stood out for its highest initial growth rate. Furthermore, the observed homogeneous phenological conditions indicated that groups 1 (G1) and 4 (G4) matured earlier, making them promising candidates for selection. These findings demonstrate the wide genetic variability of tarwi, which can be exploited in breeding programs for the development of new cultivars. Thus, the study highlights the importance of morphological characterization in understanding the variability of an understudied crop such as tarwi, contributing to conservation and promoting its protection and sustainability.
Analysis of rice (Oryza sativa l.) bioeconomy: Data Envelopment Analysis method highlights the need for cooperation to improve productivity and sustainability
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production is a cornerstone of Ecuador's economy. This research evaluates the efficiency of 609 production units during 2019, addressing the need for statistical robustness in agricultural efficiency estimators. Using a national representative survey, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied under Variable Returns Scale (VRS) and Constant Returns to Scale (CRS). To account for sampling noise, the Simar & Wilson (2007) bootstrap procedure (2,000 replications) was implemented to provide bias-corrected scores and 95% confidence intervals. The bootstrap-corrected analysis revealed a mean technical efficiency of 0.632 (95% CI: 0.596 – 0.668), suggesting a potential 36.8% input reduction without output loss. Significant provincial heterogeneity was observed: Manabí led in technical efficiency (0.743), while El Oro achieved the highest cost efficiency (0.435) due to superior allocative performance. Conversely, Loja showed high technical proficiency (0.645) but the lowest allocative efficiency (0.197). Findings underscore that "one-size-fits-all" policies are inadequate; instead, province-specific interventions, focusing on scale optimization and financial training, are required to enhance the sustainability of Ecuador's rice bioeconomy.
Nutritional profile, processing potential and food applications of Macrotermes nigeriensis powder: A comprehensive review
Macrotermes nigeriensis is increasingly recognized as a nutrient-dense edible insect with significant potential for food and non-food applications. This review synthesizes current evidence on proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, functional properties, and safety considerations of its powder. Existing studies consistently report high levels of protein, essential minerals (Fe, Zn), and vitamin C, together with low concentrations of antinutritional factors. When incorporated into various food matrices (including cakes, biscuits, and fermented cassava beverages) M. nigeriensis powder markedly enhances protein density, micronutrient content, and, in some cases, sensory acceptability. Protein isolates exhibit desirable emulsifying and foaming properties, supporting their potential use in food formulation. Beyond nutrition, the species also provides oils that may serve as unconventional feedstock for biodiesel production. Overall, M. nigeriensis represents a promising sustainable protein resource, but further multidisciplinary investigation is required to support its large-scale utilization. Future research should focus on: (i) long-term safety and toxicological evaluation, (ii) nutrient bioavailability and digestibility, (iii) detailed lipid profiling and its health implications, (iv) standardization of processing and preservation methods, and (v) consumer acceptance and market feasibility beyond endemic regions.
El compostaje en agroecología: Efectos sobre la estructura del suelo, la disponibilidad de nutrientes y los microorganismos beneficiosos
El compostaje es una estrategia clave en la agroecología, que mejora la fertilidad del suelo sin generar efectos negativos en el ambiente. A diferencia de los fertilizantes sintéticos, el compost promueve la regeneración del suelo al incrementar su contenido de materia orgánica, mejorar su estructura y estimular la actividad microbiana beneficiosa. Este artículo de revisión analiza cómo el compostaje optimiza las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo, aumentando su capacidad de retención de agua, la disponibilidad de nutrientes esenciales como nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, y fortaleciendo la resiliencia de los cultivos frente a enfermedades y estrés ambiental. Se comparan distintos métodos de compostaje, como el vermicompostaje, el compostaje en hileras y el Bokashi, evidenciando que, independientemente del método utilizado, el compost no contribuye a la degradación del suelo, sino que lo enriquece de manera sostenible. Además, se destaca el papel de los microorganismos clave en la mineralización de nutrientes y la mejora del microbioma del suelo, asegurando un suministro equilibrado y de liberación lenta para las plantas. Finalmente, se discuten estrategias innovadoras para optimizar la calidad del compost mediante el uso de inóculos microbianos y enmiendas naturales, consolidando su papel como alternativa sostenible para una producción agrícola eficiente y ambientalmente responsable.
Identificación de genotipos de camu camu estables y de alto rendimiento mediante el índice de estabilidad de rasgos fenotípicos múltiples
El camu camu es un arbusto frutal amazónico de la familia Myrtaceae que crece de forma natural en zonas inundables de la cuenca del Amazonas. Su importancia radica en la producción de frutos con altos contenidos de vitamina C y sus componentes bioactivos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar genotipos estables y de alto rendimiento en la colección de germoplasma de camu camu en la Amazonía peruana, evaluando múltiples características morfológicas y alta estabilidad fenotípica en diferentes campañas. En este estudio, se evaluó un plantel de 215 individuos de 43 accesiones en tres campañas de cultivo de 2021/2022; 2022/2023 y 2023/2024, para identificar accesiones estables. Se consideraron 26 descriptores cuantitativos, que incluyeron características de hojas, flores, frutos y semillas, y rendimiento de frutos por planta. Se utilizaron el biplot de promedio ponderado de puntuaciones absolutas (WAASB), basado en las mejores predicciones lineales insesgadas (BLUPs) de la interacción genotipo-ambiente para determinar la estabilidad de las accesiones en las tres campañas productivas y el análisis factorial para identificar relaciones entre múltiples variables. Los efectos de la interacción genotipo x ambiente (GEI) fueron significativos para todos los descriptores, excepto para ºBrix. Asimismo, el efecto del ambiente resultó significativo en la mayoría de los descriptores. La varianza acumulada fue de 74% explicada en ocho componentes principales. El análisis BLUP e índice WAASB permitió identificar accesiones estables de camu camu con altos valores agromorfológicos, resaltando su contribución a la variabilidad genética de la colección. Además, la evaluación METs (ensayos multiambientales) permitió seleccionar diez accesiones con múltiples características adaptadas a diferentes ambientes temporales. Los resultados destacan la eficacia de BLUP y WAASB en la evaluación de estabilidad genotípica, optimización de recursos y sostenibilidad de los programas de mejoramiento genético.
Extraction of flavonoids from Mucuna pruriens seeds by ultrasound: Evaluation of their antioxidant properties and toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans
Traditional methods for extracting bioactive compounds from Mucuna pruriens involve high solvent use, long extraction times, and low yields. As a result, finding more efficient extraction techniques remains an important research focus. In this context, ultrasound-assisted extraction has become a promising alternative for extracting flavonoids from M. pruriens. These compounds play a crucial role in various applications, including nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, medicine, and cosmetics. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the extraction yield of flavonoid content from Mucuna pruriens seeds by employing a Box-Behnken Design, focusing on the effects of ultrasound power, pulse cycle, and extraction time as factors, and using an acidified ethanol-water solution (80:20 v/v plus 2% HCl 2N) as the extraction solvent. Under optimal conditions, the ultrasound-assisted extraction method yielded a higher flavonoid content (77.30 µg/mL) than the magnetic stirring technique (60.92 µg/mL). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified and quantified significant amounts of gallocatechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggested the presence of additional compounds, including amino acids, proteins, glycerides, aliphatic compounds, and alkaloids. Antioxidant assessments indicated that the optimal ultrasound conditions enhanced antioxidant activity in the DPPH and FRAP assays (323.51 and 259.07 mmol TE/g, respectively) compared to the conventional extraction method (294.13 and 164.19 mmol TE/g, respectively). Toxicity evaluations were conducted by exposing C. elegans to varying concentrations of extracts from both methods for 24 h, with LC50 values calculated at 143.65 µg/mL for the ultrasound extract under optimal conditions and 132.18 µg/mL for the magnetic stirring method. These findings provide support for the functional applications of Mucuna pruriens flavonoids as natural antioxidants.
The role of polyphenols in food safety: mitigating the formation of acrylamide and hydroxymethylfurfural and their health risks
The formation of toxic compounds such as acrylamide (AA) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) during thermal food processing (>120 °C) represents a significant risk to human health, as they have been associated with neurotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects. However, several studies have shown that polyphenols can reduce the levels of these toxic compounds. In this context, this review examines the potential of polyphenols to mitigate the formation of AA and HMF via distinct mechanisms during the Maillard reaction (MR). In general, these compounds interact with precursors and intermediates of the MR. Thus, polyphenols represent a natural and effective strategy for improving food safety, thereby promoting the development of healthier products. However, Future challenges remain, including the elucidation of the chemical mechanisms involved in the action of polyphenols, an in-depth study of factors such as pH, temperature, and food matrix, toxicological and metabolic evaluations, regulatory aspects, the use of clean and sustainable technologies for obtaining polyphenols, optimization of extraction methods, and application in food matrices while considering sensory effects. A multidisciplinary approach will be vital to achieving the effective and safe application of polyphenols in the food industry.
Socioeconomic factors determining the production of smallholder farmers of organic quinoa in the Peruvian Andes
Organic quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild) cultivation embodies a holistic agricultural approach, integrating biological fertilizers to curtail reliance on insecticides and synthetic fertilizers and low levels of greenhouse gases. The objective of this paper was to identify the socioeconomic factors that determine smallholder farmer organic quinoa production. The socioeconomic factors of organic quinoa farmer in the district of San Jerónimo, Apurímac in Southern Peru associated with five groups of organic quinoa farmers. Primary data were collected from 109 smallholder farmers belonging to quinoa producers' associations, using a non-experimental and cross-sectional study design, that was analyzed with descriptive, correlational statistics and a logistic regression method involving the evaluation of 13 independent variables. Motivational factors are identified through the application of a qualitative and quantitative sequence of mixed methods design. The results show that high price is the most important explanatory variable, and it is also the one that smallholders primarily consider when cultivating organic quinoa. The second most important variables motivating such farmers are social factors, mainly those related to health benefits, food quality and lastly environmental benefits. The variables: quinoa income, distance to the land, membership in an association, technical assistance and mixed (own and hired) labor had an inverse relationship with organic quinoa production while land ownership had a positive but less significant effect on the production of organic quinoa (p < 0.1). In conclusion, organic quinoa producers are primarily influenced by financial reasons, followed by considerations of sustainability and the desire to obtain healthy, pesticide-free food for self-consumption. These findings of important factors in the adoption of organic agriculture by producer associations and the motivational aspects found for its continued production could be considered in agricultural policy proposals in the face of a world with greater demands for food and environmental protection.
Effect of exogenous proline on the production and partitioning of dry matter and on the organic carbon content at different stages of the tomato plant
Water limitation is one of the most serious problems in tomato production, responsible for a significant reduction in productivity and fruit quality. In this context, the application of exogenous proline may be an alternative for plants to deal with possible water stress. The objective of this work was to evaluate the production, dry matter mass partition and organic carbon content of the tomato cultivar “Vivacy”, cultivated with doses of proline and irrigated every seven days. A randomized block design was used, with four replications and a 2 x 3 + 1 factorial arrangement. The factors consisted of 2 doses of proline (100 and 150 mg L-1), 3 application times (1, 3 and 6 days after irrigation) and a control without proline application. Data analysis showed a significant difference in the variables analyzed, revealing that the application of proline influenced the production and partition of dry matter mass of tomato plants. However, no significant difference was found in some variables, although the application of treatments showed superior results compared to the control. Proline sprayed at a dose of 100 mg L-1 increases the dry matter mass and organic carbon content in tomato plants during the fruiting and end-of-cycle phases, in addition to contributing to greater dry matter partitioning for the fruits.
Variabilidad de suelos en una toposecuencia del Valle de Monzón, selva alta del Perú: Morfología, propiedades y clasificación
Conocer la taxonomía, mineralogía y propiedades de los suelos es fundamental para entender su génesis, funcionalidad y potencial de uso, siendo necesario para implementar planes de ordenamiento territorial y caracterizar sistemas de manejo de uso de suelo. El objetivo de estudio fue describir y correlacionar las características taxonómicas (Soil Taxonomy y la Base Referencial Mundial del Recurso suelo “WRB”), morfológicas, fisicoquímicas y mineralógicas de los suelos en relación con su posición fisiográfica, en base a 15 perfiles de una toposecuencia obteniéndose 81 horizontes. Se verificó que la variabilidad edáfica estaba vinculada al relieve; asimismo, se identificaron ordenes desde Entisols a Inceptisols con la clasificación Soil Taxonomy, ya mediante la WRB se identificaron los grupos: Fluvisols, Regosols, Umbrisols, Cambisols a Luvisols. Morfológicamente, los suelos fluviales se caracterizaron por presentar horizontes superficiales Ap, verificándose ausencia de horizontes subsuperficiales denotando ser suelos jóvenes. En los atributos físicos hubo texturas arenosas en suelos fluviales a arcillosas en residuales. Se evidencio mayor fertilidad en terrazas bajas y conforme se asciende en el relieve la fertilidad disminuye. Hubo correlación entre los atributos físicos y químicos, en tal sentido la fertilidad depende en cierta medida de las características físicas. El análisis mineralógico, mediante Difracción y Fluorescencia de Rayos X, reveló mayor predominio de minerales 2:1 en suelos fluviales, asociados a relaciones molares SiO₂/R₂O₃ > a 2; mientras en suelos residuales dominaron minerales 1:1 con relaciones < a 2. Finalmente, la fertilidad disminuyó conforme su origen: mayor en fluviales, intermedia en aluviales y menor en residuales.
Relación entre la respuesta isotópica (δ13C) y las propiedades fisicoquímicas: Taxonomía de suelos del Valle de Monzón en la selva alta del Perú
Identificar la razón isotópica del carbono resulta valioso para analizar y entender la clasificación y la dinámica de los suelos. Este estudio evaluó y relacionó la razón isotópica del suelo y sus propiedades principales (físico - químicas) en el Valle del Monzón. Se muestrearon 15 calicatas, entre los estratos de una toposecuencia. El δ13C fue determinado con un sistema de espectrometría de masas de relación isotópica acoplado a un analizador elemental EA-IRMS. Para obtener resultados correctos, se consideró muestras en base a su profundidad. Se pesó entre 500 a 600 µg de suelo para muestras < 40 cm de profundidad, y para muestras que superaron los 40 cm, se pesó entre 1500 a 2000 µg. Los resultados proporcionaron información sobre el contenido de carbono estable en el suelo separadas cada muestra por su perfil de suelo, profundidad, pH, color, Al, cultivo, stock de carbono, clasificación taxonómica, entre otros. Se encontraron diferencias de las propiedades entre los perfiles estudiados, existiendo una variación cuantitativa de horizontes, en algunos encontrándose la napa freática y determinándose tres órdenes del suelo. El δ13C en base a los órdenes, se evidencia que en los Inceptisols existen mezclas de cultivos provenientes de plantas C3 y C4, probablemente esto se deba a que en ciertas profundidades hubo interferencias antrópicas a nivel histórico. Para los Entisols, existe una carencia de formación de horizonte de diagnóstico, existiendo predominancia de plantas C3, sin embargo, en el Alfisol la mayor captación fue en el horizonte superficial.
Distribution dynamics of nutrient and biomass in yacon organs
Studies on nutrient absorption patterns allow for the identification of periods of peak nutritional demand, the amount of nutrients accumulated in each organ, the quantity exported by harvest, and the necessary replenishment to the soil. These insights are crucial for developing effective fertilization programs for crops. This study aimed to determine the nutrient absorption pattern of macro and micronutrients and the accumulation of biomass in various organs of yacon plants. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, following a randomized block design. The treatments consisted of different plant ages. Seven evaluations were conducted monthly, starting 30 days after transplanting. Twelve plants from the useful area were sampled for each evaluation. The plants were divided into five parts (leaves, stems, rhizophores, roots, and tuberous roots) to determine dry biomass. The samples were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn content. Yacon prioritized the allocation of photoassimilates for biomass production in the following order: tuberous roots, rhizophores, leaves, stems, and fine roots. Nutrient absorption by yacon plants followed this order: Ca > N > K > Mg > P > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu. Tuberous roots were the main organ for nutrient accumulated, exporting from the system 71, 15, 57, 125, 11, 1.8, 0.87, 0.40, and 0.27 kg há-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively. These results provide critical physiological parameters for formulating evidence-based fertilization programs and modeling yacon growth, thereby advancing precision nutrient management. Moreover, integrating these data into agronomic models and sustainability assessments will facilitate the crop’s development as a high-value functional food, supporting both productive and environmental goals.
Contribution of trees to carbon stocks in urban–rural ecosystems: Taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity in response to bioclimatic and geographic factors
Tree diversity plays a key role in mitigating climate change and enhancing ecosystem resilience. This study evaluated the contribution of trees across three habitats within the urban–rural gradient of Sucre, Bolivia: urban (UF), native (NF), and exotic (EF). Carbon sequestration, as well as taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD), and functional (FD) diversity, were analyzed in relation to bioclimatic (temperature and precipitation) and geographic (altitude) factors. The methodology included the recording of botanical and ecological traits, along with the measurement of dendrometric classes (DBH ≥ 10 cm) in 12 temporary circular plots per habitat. Results showed higher carbon stocks in the urban forest (268.36 ± 2.76 MgC/ha), followed by the exotic (159.53 ± 0.86 MgC/ha) and the native forest (39.64 ± 0.41 MgC/ha). A total of 31 species from 19 families were identified, with marked evolutionary divergence between Pinaceae and Cupressaceae compared to Fabaceae. The urban habitat presented the highest taxonomic diversity (~51.6%), the highest phylogenetic diversity (~72%), and the greatest carbon fixation (~42%). These findings highlight the fundamental role of tree diversity in carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and landscape connectivity, emphasizing the need to integrate it into sustainable urban–rural planning through adaptation and mitigation strategies that strengthen ecological resilience and ecosystem services in the urban–rural ecosystem of Sucre.