Scientia Agropecuaria

Zonificación agrícola de riesgos climáticos para el cultivo de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) en el Altiplano Peruano

2025-04-18T04:08:32+00:00

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar la zonificación agrícola del riesgo climático para el cultivo de quinua. Se utilizaron datos de 38 estaciones meteorológicas del Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología en Puno. La zonificación se basó en el desarrollo del balance hídrico, usando el índice de satisfacción de las necesidades hídricas (ISNA), para dos niveles de capacidad hídrica disponible de los suelos (115 mm/m y 145 mm/m). Posteriormente, se realizó el análisis espacial de la relación entre ETr/ETm obtenido mediante el modelo SARRAZON para cada fase fenológica del cultivo, a través de un análisis de frecuencia de ocurrencia de los valores de ISNA. Estos datos fueron procesados en ArcGIS10,0, con el uso del método de interpolación kriging ordinario. Una vez generados los mapas, se recortaron a las zonas de producción de quinua en la región y se clasificaron de acuerdo con los siguientes rangos: para la Fase I (emergencia): riesgo bajo (ISNA ≥ 0,65); riesgo medio (0,55 < ISNA < 0,65) y riesgo alto (ISNA ≤ 0,55); y para la fase III (floración y llenado de grano): riesgo bajo (ISNA ≥ 0,55); riesgo medio (0,45 < ISNA < 0,55) y riesgo alto (ISNA ≤ 0,45). Setiembre se identificó con mayor exposición al riesgo climático; octubre presenta una opción intermedia; y noviembre es el mes más seguro, con predominancia de riesgo bajo; sin embargo, la siembra tardía puede exponer al cultivo a déficits hídricos críticos durante las fases finales del cultivo de quinua.

Método de cultivo in vitro autotrófico, inoculado con micorrizas arbusculares nativas, para la adaptación de plantas trampa de la familia Asteraceae

2025-03-23T03:09:07+00:00

La implementación del cultivo in vitro autotrófico es una estrategia fundamental para multiplicar hongos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos, crucial para restaurar la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas degradados. El objetivo principal de la investigación fue establecer un método de cultivo in vitro autotrófico para hongos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos utilizando dos plantas trampa: Bidens pilosa y Tagetes patula. Los investigadores desinfectaron las esporas y las cultivaron en un medio modificado de Murashige y Skoog. Los resultados mostraron que el sistema es viable, con porcentajes de micorrización superiores al 50% en ambas plantas. Además, se logró una reducción significativa de la contaminación microbiana al utilizar una mezcla de antibióticos (estreptomicina y gentamicina). En conclusión, la desinfección de las esporas y la selección de las plantas trampa adecuadas son clave para garantizar el éxito del cultivo in vitro de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos. El éxito de este método representa una estrategia prometedora para la producción de inóculo micorrízico en condiciones de laboratorio. Este avance podría abrir nuevas vías para el desarrollo de biofertilizantes basados en micorrizas nativas, lo que podría reducir la dependencia de los fertilizantes químicos y mejorar la salud del suelo a nivel local y regional.

Agroforestry and montane forest management as strategies to mitigate carbon loss and sustain ecosystem functions in the Central Andes of Peru

2025-10-27T13:04:13+00:00

Land-use change in the Central Andes of Peru has led to the widespread conversion of tropical montane forests, significantly reducing their carbon storage capacity. This study estimated aboveground and soil carbon stocks across a disturbance gradient: croplands (C), agroforestry systems (AF), regenerating montane forests (BMR), and conserved montane forests (BMC). Using destructive and non-destructive sampling, 61 plots (0.1 ha each) were assessed, measuring live and dead aboveground biomass, fine roots, and soil organic carbon down to 1 meter. Results show that BMC had the highest total carbon stock (575.33 ± 215.4 Mg C ha⁻¹), followed by BMR (386.53 ± 186.6), AF (276.69 ± 172.5), and C (205.14 ± 114.03). Soil organic carbon was the dominant carbon pool across all land uses, contributing between 93% (in croplands) and 62% (in conserved forests) of total carbon, highlighting its central role in carbon dynamics. Carbon stocks were significantly associated with vegetation structural attributes (basal area, diameter at breast height, canopy cover) and soil properties (texture, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content). Trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 30 cm contributed over 50% of aboveground carbon, underlining their importance in biomass carbon storage. These findings reveal a clear gradient of loss in the ecosystem service of carbon storage, driven by land-use intensification and the simplification of forest structure. However, they also demonstrate that the recovery of degraded forests and the implementation of agroforestry systems are viable strategies to reduce the loss of ecosystem functions and contribute meaningfully to climate change mitigation.

Contribution of trees to carbon stocks in urban–rural ecosystems: Taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity in response to bioclimatic and geographic factors

2025-10-27T13:40:48+00:00

Tree diversity plays a key role in mitigating climate change and enhancing ecosystem resilience. This study evaluated the contribution of trees across three habitats within the urban–rural gradient of Sucre, Bolivia: urban (UF), native (NF), and exotic (EF). Carbon sequestration, as well as taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD), and functional (FD) diversity, were analyzed in relation to bioclimatic (temperature and precipitation) and geographic (altitude) factors. The methodology included the recording of botanical and ecological traits, along with the measurement of dendrometric classes (DBH ≥ 10 cm) in 12 temporary circular plots per habitat. Results showed higher carbon stocks in the urban forest (268.36 ± 2.76 MgC/ha), followed by the exotic (159.53 ± 0.86 MgC/ha) and the native forest (39.64 ± 0.41 MgC/ha). A total of 31 species from 19 families were identified, with marked evolutionary divergence between Pinaceae and Cupressaceae compared to Fabaceae. The urban habitat presented the highest taxonomic diversity (~51.6%), the highest phylogenetic diversity (~72%), and the greatest carbon fixation (~42%). These findings highlight the fundamental role of tree diversity in carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and landscape connectivity, emphasizing the need to integrate it into sustainable urban–rural planning through adaptation and mitigation strategies that strengthen ecological resilience and ecosystem services in the urban–rural ecosystem of Sucre.

Distribution dynamics of nutrient and biomass in yacon organs

2025-10-27T13:59:03+00:00

Studies on nutrient absorption patterns allow for the identification of periods of peak nutritional demand, the amount of nutrients accumulated in each organ, the quantity exported by harvest, and the necessary replenishment to the soil. These insights are crucial for developing effective fertilization programs for crops. This study aimed to determine the nutrient absorption pattern of macro and micronutrients and the accumulation of biomass in various organs of yacon plants. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, following a randomized block design. The treatments consisted of different plant ages. Seven evaluations were conducted monthly, starting 30 days after transplanting. Twelve plants from the useful area were sampled for each evaluation. The plants were divided into five parts (leaves, stems, rhizophores, roots, and tuberous roots) to determine dry biomass. The samples were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn content. Yacon prioritized the allocation of photoassimilates for biomass production in the following order: tuberous roots, rhizophores, leaves, stems, and fine roots. Nutrient absorption by yacon plants followed this order: Ca > N > K > Mg > P > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu. Tuberous roots were the main organ for nutrient accumulated, exporting from the system 71, 15, 57, 125, 11, 1.8, 0.87, 0.40, and 0.27 kg há^-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively. These results provide critical physiological parameters for formulating evidence-based fertilization programs and modeling yacon growth, thereby advancing precision nutrient management. Moreover, integrating these data into agronomic models and sustainability assessments will facilitate the crop’s development as a high-value functional food, supporting both productive and environmental goals.

Relación entre la respuesta isotópica (δ13C) y las propiedades fisicoquímicas: Taxonomía de suelos del Valle de Monzón en la selva alta del Perú

2025-10-27T14:28:33+00:00

Identificar la razón isotópica del carbono resulta valioso para analizar y entender la clasificación y la dinámica de los suelos. Este estudio evaluó y relacionó la razón isotópica del suelo y sus propiedades principales (físico - químicas) en el Valle del Monzón. Se muestrearon 15 calicatas, entre los estratos de una toposecuencia. El δ13C fue determinado con un sistema de espectrometría de masas de relación isotópica acoplado a un analizador elemental EA-IRMS. Para obtener resultados correctos, se consideró muestras en base a su profundidad. Se pesó entre 500 a 600 µg de suelo para muestras < 40 cm de profundidad, y para muestras que superaron los 40 cm, se pesó entre 1500 a 2000 µg. Los resultados proporcionaron información sobre el contenido de carbono estable en el suelo separadas cada muestra por su perfil de suelo, profundidad, pH, color, Al, cultivo, stock de carbono, clasificación taxonómica, entre otros. Se encontraron diferencias de las propiedades entre los perfiles estudiados, existiendo una variación cuantitativa de horizontes, en algunos encontrándose la napa freática y determinándose tres órdenes del suelo. El δ13C en base a los órdenes, se evidencia que en los Inceptisols existen mezclas de cultivos provenientes de plantas C3 y C4, probablemente esto se deba a que en ciertas profundidades hubo interferencias antrópicas a nivel histórico. Para los Entisols, existe una carencia de formación de horizonte de diagnóstico, existiendo predominancia de plantas C3, sin embargo, en el Alfisol la mayor captación fue en el horizonte superficial.

Polyphenols and theobromine in cacao (Theobroma cacao): Compositional changes across variety, growing region, fermentation, drying and roasting

2025-10-05T13:33:26+00:00

In recent years, cacao and its derivatives have gained significant attention due to their potential health benefits. The primary bioactive compounds in cacao are polyphenols and methylxanthines, predominantly represented by theobromine. Their concentrations vary widely, influenced by cacao variety, growth region, and postharvest processing. Fermentation typically leads to a marked decrease in polyphenols and theobromine, with further reductions during drying and roasting. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge on how these factors affect compound levels, providing insights crucial for optimizing practices to enhance the health benefits and quality of cacao products. Literature consistently shows that cacao properties are shaped by genetics, environmental conditions, and processing stages. Moreover, the unique polyphenol and theobromine profiles can serve as distinctive fingerprints to differentiate cacao origins. Understanding these dynamics is essential for improving both nutritional value and industrial applications.

Nutrients and foods associated with people's emotional state: Scientific advances and future perspectives

2025-10-05T13:39:32+00:00

This review is scientific research that seeks to explore the relationship between the consumption of certain foods and the emotional state, determining the effects that these foods produce when consumed by individuals. The intake of specific foods containing certain functional properties may help enhance our emotional health. There are particular nutrients present in certain foods that play an important role in overall health, especially in brain function. The objective of this review study was to highlight double-blind studies in humans that demonstrate the effectiveness of nutrients present in foods that interact with neurotransmitters (melatonin, endorphins, serotonin, dopamine, and oxytocin), which affect people's mood and well-being. For this study, specialized journals and scientific articles published in the last five years were selected. The results show that there is a wide variety of foods that contribute to people's well-being when consumed, and that this is not exclusive to a particular group of foods. Thus, meat products, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and seafood, among others, contain nutrients with functional properties associated with people's emotional state. Finally, future studies should incorporate other variables such as ethnic groups, race, age, and body type, which may affect the results obtained.