ISSN: 2077-9917 (print); 2306-6741 (online) Journal abbreviation: Sci. agropecu. Scientia Agropecuaria is a quarterly scientific journal, which encourages the generation and dissemination of scientific knowledge, publishing original and review works in the field of agricultural sciences. Indexing in: SCOPUS, ESCI (Web of Science), DOAJ, Chemical Abstracts Services, AGRIS/FAO, Redalyc, SciELO, REDIB, DIALNET, BASE, CiteFactor, MIAR, LATINDEX, Sherpa Romeo.
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Effect of edible mushroom antioxidants on the oxidative stability and quality of meat products: advances and research trends through a systematic and bibliometric review
Lipid and protein oxidation remain key challenges that limit the technological, sensory, and nutritional quality of meat products. This systematic review compiles evidence published from 2011 to 2025 on the antioxidant properties of edible mushrooms and their ability to reduce oxidative breakdown in meat matrices. Searches were performed in Scopus and Web of Science, yielding 821 records, of which 60 met the inclusion criteria in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Across studies, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus, Flammulina velutipes, and Hericium erinaceus consistently showed significant reductions in lipid peroxidation (20% – 40% decreases in TBARS) and moderate reductions in protein carbonylation. These antioxidant effects were mechanistically linked to synergistic interactions among phenolic acids, ergothioneine, flavonoids, and β-glucans. Additional benefits included improvements in color stability, water-holding capacity, and fiber and amino acid profiles. However, substantial variability was present across different species, extraction methods, and inclusion levels. Evidence supporting the inhibition of protein oxidation remains limited, bioaccessibility data are scarce, and standardization of mushroom-based meat products is lacking. Overall, edible mushrooms show strong potential as multifunctional, clean-label antioxidant systems; nonetheless, more mechanistic, quantitative, and digestion-focused studies are needed for industrial-scale application. These findings indicate promising applications in clean-label meat reformulation, although industrial validation and standardized reporting of oxidative markers remain required.
Copyright (c) 2026 Scientia Agropecuaria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Isosteric heat of sorption in powders produced from agro-industrial byproducts: a systematic review and meta-analysis
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze data published since 2007 on the isosteric heat of sorption ( ) in powdered foods derived from agro-industrial by-products, in order to support the optimization of dehydration processes and their sustainable use in the food industry. Twenty-five studies were included following a structured search strategy. Results showed that powdered by-products predominantly exhibit Brunauer type II (sigmoidal) and type III isotherms, strongly influenced by their composition. Type II curves were associated with protein-, starch-, and biopolymer-rich powders, while type III behavior characterized sugar- and fiber-rich matrices. The Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model consistently provided the best fit (R² > 0.90), with monolayer moisture content ( ) ranging from 0.006 to 0.6 g water/g dry matter and generally decreasing with temperature. Cluster analysis grouped powders according to values, composition, and temperature, highlighting the role of matrix structure in water retention behavior. The isosteric heat of sorption ( ) exhibited both endothermic and exothermic behavior (–88.4 to 58.0 kJ/mol), with higher energy requirements during desorption. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that is mainly associated with fiber-rich matrices, whereas the GAB parameter C is linked to carbohydrate and lipid fractions. In contrast, showed weak association with the principal components, indicating that sorption energetics are not directly aligned with structural variability but rather reflect localized molecular interactions. Overall, sorption behavior of powdered by-products is governed by the combined effect of composition, structural water retention, and energetic interactions, which are critical for improving drying and storage conditions.
Impact of climate change on potato yield in the Peruvian Altiplano: An experimental study, with modeling in AquaCrop and generation of scenarios to 2050
Climate change is a critical threat to food security in high Andean regions, where potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a strategic crop. In the Peruvian Altiplano, projected increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation heighten the vulnerability of rainfed farming systems. In this context, simulation models are essential to anticipate impacts and design adaptation strategies. This study evaluated the effects of climate change on the yield of three potato varieties (Imilla Blanca, Imilla Negra, and Andina) in Taraco and Juliaca, using the AquaCrop model calibrated and validated with experimental field data collected between 2018 and 2021. Trials were conducted under a randomized complete block design, with three sowing dates. Calibration employed phenological, biomass, and yield data, assessed through statistical indicators (r, RMSE, d, and EF), showing robust performance. With the validated model, yield projections were simulated up to 2050 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios in both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Results indicated significant reductions in Taraco, especially under rainfed conditions and early sowing dates, while in Juliaca yield increases were projected under irrigation, albeit with high variability among models. The Andina variety exhibited greater resilience to water stress, whereas Imilla Negra was the most vulnerable under rainfed conditions. These findings emphasize that irrigation access, the selection of resilient varieties, and adjustments in sowing calendars are key strategies to mitigate impacts and strengthen food security in the Peruvian Altiplano.
Comparative analysis of conserved miRNAs in maize germination and vegetative development
Seed germination represents a metabolically active but transcriptionally limited transition that depends largely on post-transcriptional regulation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression through mRNA slicing or translational inhibition, and may play an important role in controlling stored mRNAs during early germination. In this study, we combined bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation to identify conserved miRNAs involved in maize (Zea mays) germination. Mature miRNA sequences from Zea mays and Oryza sativa were retrieved from PMRD and miRBase v22.1, identifying conserved candidates across cereals. From this set, ten miRNAs were selected based on sequence conservation and reported roles in seed biology. Target prediction using thermodynamic modelling (ViennaRNA; MFE ≤ −25 kcal/mol) revealed potential interactions between specific miRNAs and mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins, suggesting regulation of the translational machinery. Expression analysis by Northern blot across germination stages (0, 6, 12, and 24 h) and vegetative tissues showed distinct patterns. miR528 and miR396a were highly expressed in seeds but absent in vegetative tissues, while miR408 decreased after imbibition. miR414 and miR415 displayed transient expression during germination. Notably, miR160a was strongly expressed during germination, suggesting a role beyond vegetative development. These results support a model in which miRNAs regulate stored mRNAs and translation during germination. This work provides candidate miRNAs for functional studies and potential targets for improving seed vigor and early seedling establishment in maize.
Spatial modeling of soil physicochemical properties and fertility in tropical agricultural systems under different structural heterogeneity using multispectral UAV and geostatistics
Spatial variability of soil properties is a key factor that influences productivity, nutrient management, and overall sustainability in tropical agricultural systems. This is especially true where differences in soil types make it difficult to apply site-specific management strategies. In this context, the study sets out to compare the performance of the same analytical workflow based on multispectral UAV imagery, multiple linear regression, and geostatistical interpolation, across two tropical farming systems that differ in their level of structural heterogeneity. One was a station-wide multicrop system, and the other was a rice system under varying planting densities, both located at the El Porvenir Agricultural Experimental Station in San Martín, Peru. The study included 60 soil samples from the multicrop component and 27 from the rice system. All samples were georeferenced and taken at 30 cm depth, then analyzed in the lab for pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, soil organic carbon, and texture. The exact same workflow was applied to both systems: Spearman correlation, stepwise multiple linear regression, and ordinary kriging. Results showed that the rice system gave better predictive accuracy for specific variables like nitrogen and phosphorus. On the other hand, the multicrop component proved more useful for mapping spatial patterns and defining management zones, thanks to its greater heterogeneity. In addition, indices based on NIR and red edge bands had stronger links with the main soil properties. Overall, the performance of the approach clearly depended on the structural heterogeneity of each system: more uniform environments favored point-based predictions, while more variable ones were better suited for operational zoning.
Remote sensing of rice yield using UAV-derived SAVI and supervised machine learning models in Tropical Lowlands
Accurate estimation of rice productivity at the sub-field level is still a major challenge in tropical agroecosystems, mainly because of the high spatial variability and the limits of traditional monitoring methods. This study looked at how well the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), pulled from multispectral images taken by UAVs, could separate productive and non-productive zones in rice fields under tropical lowland conditions in San Martín, Peru. We used a randomized complete block design across two locations with three rice varieties and captured multispectral images at key phenological stages using UAV platforms. Field yield came from georeferenced destructive sampling—we adjusted grain weight to standard moisture and expressed everything in t ha⁻¹. Based on those actual measurements, we set threshold criteria to classify zones as either productive or non-productive. SAVI values were then extracted and fed into supervised classification models: logistic regression, support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest, and decision tree. The results showed that SAVI values between 0.50 and 0.70, typically lined up with productive zones, while 0.30 to 0.50 corresponded to non-productive areas. Logistic regression and SVM came out on top with overall accuracy around 88.9%, F1-scores above 92%, and pretty balanced sensitivity and specificity. These findings suggest that combining SAVI with supervised machine learning offers a solid, practical way to map rice productivity spatially. The approach looks promising for supporting intra-field monitoring and helping make better agronomic decisions in tropical rice systems.
Minthostachys mollis: Chemical composition, biological activities and potential applications in a systematic and bibliometric review
Minthostachys mollis, commonly known as muña, is an aromatic medicinal plant widely distributed in the Andean region and traditionally used to treat various conditions. In recent years, scientific interest in this species has increased due to its chemical composition, biological activities, and potential applications in different sectors. The objective of this study was to systematically and bibliometrically analyze the scientific literature on Minthostachys mollis in order to synthesize the available evidence on its phytochemical composition, biological activities, and potential applications. To this end, a systematic search was conducted in the Scopus database from 2005 to 2026. The selection of studies was carried out following the guidelines of the PRISMA protocol. Likewise, a bibliometric analysis was performed to identify research trends. The results showed a progressive increase in the number of publications in recent years, with greater scientific output in countries in the Andean region, particularly Peru and Argentina. Phytochemical studies indicated that the essential oil of Minthostachys mollis is mainly composed of monoterpenes such as pulegone, menthone, and limonene. In addition, several studies reported relevant biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticidal, repellent, antioxidant, and pharmacological properties. These findings highlight the potential of this species as a source of bioactive compounds with applications in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food sectors. However, challenges remain related to variability in chemical composition, standardization of extracts, and evaluation of safety and efficacy under real-world conditions of use. In this context, future research should focus on phytochemical standardization, the development of innovative formulations, and the validation of their applications through more advanced experimental studies.
The objective of this review is to synthesize current scientific knowledge on the physiological processes that govern porcine reproduction and their interactions with key metabolic and hormonal factors. It addresses gametogenesis (oogenesis and spermatogenesis), the estrous cycle, folliculogenesis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, as well as critical fertilization events such as sperm capacitation, the acrosomal reaction, and fertilization itself. Embryogenesis and gestation are also examined, with emphasis on underlying biochemical and hormonal mechanisms. Special attention is given to metabolic analytes—glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol—and their influence on the synthesis and regulation of reproductive hormones including estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and testosterone. The review focuses on physiological and biochemical aspects specific to domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), offering a targeted analysis relevant to both livestock production and biomedical research. The integration of metabolic and endocrine perspectives enhances our understanding of how nutrient availability, energy balance, and environmental stress affect reproductive efficiency. Key findings highlight the central role of the HPG axis in coordinating gonadotropin release and steroidogenesis, the impact of metabolic homeostasis on gamete quality and embryo viability, and the importance of hormonal feedback in regulating the reproductive cycle. Practical applications such as estrus synchronization and artificial insemination are discussed in light of these physiological insights. In conclusion, porcine reproductive physiology is shaped by a complex interplay of hormonal and metabolic factors that determine fertility and gestational success. Despite recent advances, further research is needed to better understand metabolic–hormonal crosstalk, particularly during gestation, and to enhance outcomes in both agricultural and biomedical contexts.
Conversion of coffee and plastics residues into activated carbon by chemical activation with ammonia
Aiming for the valorization of agricultural biomass residues such as coffee husks and plastics wastes such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a method for transforming them into activated carbon by using ammonia chloride as activation agent is presented in this study. Firstly, mixtures of PET waste were processed through a pyrolytic process at different operational conditions through a factorial experimental design. The obtained material with the best characteristics of specific surface area (SSA) and mass yield was obtained at 600 °C and 2.5 hours of treatment. These parameters were then used for performing the activation of coffee husks residues and mixtures of them with PET (in mass rates of 1:1 and 1:2 of PET and biomass, respectively) All the obtained materials were then characterized through a Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and a Differential Scanning Calorimetry - Thermogravimetric Analysis (DSC–TGA) technique, and other physicochemical properties (particle size, bulk density, humidity content and ash content) were also measured, all properties were then compared with characteristics of commercial activated carbon. The activated carbon obtained from coffee husks residues showed a low specific surface area (SSA) and a higher pyrolysis yield. The mixtures of biomass and PET showed lower SSA and higher pyrolysis yield than the ones obtained from PET. The mixture of 1:1 is the best on SSA and yield. The textural analysis was performed (BET, BJH, XRF, XRD and SEM–EDS) on the samples of pure pet and mixture 1:1. This shows that the method allows the utilization of coffee and PET residues to produce activated carbon in a more sustainable way respect to other methods of activation (the proposed method uses low mass relations 10% and no postprocessing).
Endophytic bacteria isolated from the medicinal plant kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): Morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics, and their potential use as plant growth promoters
Endophytic bacteria live within and colonize plant tissues, forming symbiotic interactions that often enhance host growth, health, and stress tolerance without causing harm. This study aimed to isolate endophytic bacterial strains from the medicinal plant ‘kratom’ (Mitragyna speciosa), characterize their biological functions by analyzing morphological, biochemical, and molecular properties, and evaluate their plant growth-promoting potential. The research followed standard procedures for isolating and analyzing the production of plant growth-promoting compounds, including indole-3-acetic acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, siderophores, cellulase, nitrogen fixation, and phosphate solubilization, and for assessing their effects on soybean in planta, including bacterial root colonization and plant growth. Of the isolates tested by 16S rDNA sequencing, five were successfully identified, belonging to Chromobacterium alkanivorans (2), Bacillus methylotrophicus (1), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1), and Chromobacterium violaceum (1). Quantitative assays showed that the bacterial isolates produced 13.35 – 24.11 g mL-1 of indole acetic acid, 20.77 – 24.95 μg mL-1 of inorganic phosphate solubilization activity, 63.34 – 84.29 U mL-1 of acid phosphatase, and 2.92 – 4.86 U mL-1 of cellulase. Qualitative tests confirmed that each isolate produced siderophores, nitrogenase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, indole acetic acid, cellulase, and both organic and inorganic phosphate solubilization. Greenhouse experiments demonstrated that all bacterial isolates promoted plant growth, increasing soybean shoot length by 17.71% to 54.17%, root length by 14.36% to 39.34%, and total dry weight by 2.24% to 56.71% compared to controls. These findings support the potential application of endophytes as biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture, highlighting their capacity as plant growth-promoting bacteria.
Fusarium in banana from Ecuador: A morphological, molecular and pathogenic study as a control strategy
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is associated with wilting in banana cultivation. The soil-dwelling phytopathogenic fungus has caused devastating consequences worldwide. The races that affect bananas are 1, 2 and 4, the latter very feared because of the epidemics caused since its identification, and because to date an effective control against the pathogen has not been determined. Therefore, the objective of the research was to isolate and characterize morphologically using four culture media, and molecularly the fungus in order to evaluate its pathogenicity with in vitro and greenhouse tests. 20 symptomatic samples were collected from an apple variety banana plantation. Subsequently, isolations were made from vascular tissue. The morphological identification of the isolates obtained was decisive to use a single strain for subsequent analysis and trials due to the similarity of the isolate’s strains. These strains were characterized by a cottony white mycelium that gradually changed to purple. Microscopy identified macroconidia, microconidia and chlamydospores. Molecular analysis was performed through the genes: translation elongation factor TEF1α, and Rpb2. The strain (Fus banana) was identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, accessions TEF1α (PV682586), Rpb2 (PV682587). The results were expressed in terms of incidence and severity. The medium malt extract registered a higher incidence reaching 99%. Regarding the distribution of severity, a progressive pattern in the intensity of symptoms was observed. The results obtained constitute consistent scientific support for future studies that are oriented towards the development of reliable diagnostic tools, the evaluation of pathogenicity in banana materials and the design of integrated management strategies against this pathogen with high economic and phytosanitary impact.
Partial replacement of Artemia sp. by Moina sp. as live feed and early weaning onto a commercial diet: effects on growth, survival, and digestive histology of paiche (Arapaima sp.) juveniles
Paiche (Arapaima sp.) is an emblematic species of the Peruvian Amazon, yet sustainable production remains constrained by the limited availability of fry in captivity. This study aimed to evaluate the partial replacement of Artemia sp. by Moina sp. during the live-feeding phase and the effect of early weaning onto a commercial trout diet on growth, survival, and digestive system histology. The 37-day feeding trial was conducted with six treatments in triplicate, defined by three weaning sizes (3, 3.5, and 4 cm total length) and two live-feed regimes (100% Artemia sp. or 50% Artemia sp. + 50% Moina sp.). All groups were weaned onto the same commercial diet. Results showed that replacing 50% of Artemia sp. with Moina sp. did not compromise initial performance. However, fry assigned to weaning at 4 cm showed reduced growth while remaining exclusively on live feed, suggesting limitations of the live-feeding protocol at that size. Weaning at 4 cm was associated with better growth and survival indicators than weaning at 3 and 3.5 cm. Nonetheless, the commercial trout diet was unsuitable for early weaning, as evidenced at the histological level by alterations such as lumen obstruction, villi deterioration, and intestinal epithelial hyperplasia. Overall, these results highlight the need to develop paiche-specific starter diets tailored to the requirements of early life stages.
Screening commercial disinfectants to strengthen on-farm biosecurity for the prevention of Fusarium wilt of banana Tropical Race 4 in Ecuador
Bananas (Musa spp.), often reported together with plantains, are among the most traded fruit commodities worldwide, particularly in terms of export volume and value, with Ecuador recognized as the leading global exporter, supplying approximately one quarter of the total international trade. However, its production is increasingly threatened by climate change and fungal diseases such as Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4). To support preventive management strategies against Foc TR4, this study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of nine commercial disinfectants available in Ecuador—including quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), oxidizing agents, aldehydes, and alkaline substances—against conidia and chlamydospores of several Foc race 1 strains (VCG0120) as a model organism. Different concentrations and contact times were tested in the presence and absence of organic matter. Chlamydospores exhibited higher resistance than conidia, requiring greater concentrations for inhibition. Aldehyde formulations and QACs achieved the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (<1,000 ppm) and remained effective under organic load and variable contact times. These findings emphasize the need to select disinfectants with consistent efficacy under field-relevant conditions to ensure the application of proper biosecurity measures.
Mecanismos y aplicaciones de las rizobacterias en la adquisición del fósforo y biocontrol de nematodos fitopatógenos
Los nematodos que parasitan cultivos son una seria amenaza en la producción agrícola del mundo. La preocupación por los riesgos ambientales y toxicológicos asociados al uso de sustancias químicas impulsa la búsqueda de alternativas más respetuosas con el medio ambiente para controlar los nematodos fitopatógenos. Se considera viable emplear agentes de control biológico, como las bacterias que además de tener mecanismos para controlar nematodos, también son promotoras del crecimiento de las plantas. El objetivo de esta revisión es ampliar la comprensión sobre los mecanismos de los agentes bacterianos para suprimir poblaciones de nematodos y solubilizar fósforo. Las bacterias tienen interacciones antagónicas capaces de producir metabolitos, aumentar la resistencia sistémica de las plantas y competir por espacios. Los compuestos químicos que producen las bacterias son capaces de mineralizar el fósforo orgánico que se encuentra en el suelo y facilitarlos para la adsorción de las plantas. Las bacterias de la rizosfera tienen una acción sinérgica para mejorar el crecimiento y la protección de las plantas. El enfoque de esta revisión busca aportar a una comprensión más amplia del potencial de las rizobacterias cuyo doble papel como promotoras del crecimiento vegetal y agentes nematófagos las convierte en herramientas clave para un manejo sostenible de nematodos fitoparásitos. Esta perspectiva abre la posibilidad de integrar dichos microorganismos y sus metabolitos en planes de manejo agrícola innovadores, capaces de responder tanto a las demandas productivas como a los desafíos impuestos por el cambio climático.
Axillary shoots: Initiation to acclimatization on micropropagation of Philodendron ‘Super Atom’
Philodendron ‘Super Atom’ is among Indonesia's most favoured ornamental foliage plants, yet traditional propagation methods pose challenges. Establishing an in vitro propagation protocol for this plant was crucial to sustainably produce high-quality planting materials to meet consumer demand. All experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. High axillary shoots with regeneration issues were used as explant sources, initiated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 mg L-1 thidiazuron (TDZ) and 3 mg L-1 N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). A total of 4.8 shoots per explant were regenerated on MS medium supplemented with 0.3 mg L-1 BAP and 0.005 mg L-1 IAA. A slight enhancement in axillary shoot proliferation was noted on MS medium with 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, 0.5 mg L-1 TDZ, and 0.025 mg L-1 α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), yielding 6.7 shoots explant-1, and 0.2 mg L-1 BAP and 0.01 mg L-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), yielding 6.9 shoots explant-1. A significant improvement was achieved on MS medium fortified with 0.2 mg L-1 BAP and 0.005 mg L-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), resulting in 13.6 shoots explant-1. Rooted shoots were readily observed in the proliferation medium. A 100% survival rate of plantlets was successfully acclimatized using a mixture of burned rice husks, hyacinth organic manure, and cocopeat (1:2:1, v/v/v), as well as burned rice husks and hyacinth organic manure (1:1, v/v). The findings of this study can serve as a model for developing and establishing new in vitro mass propagation protocols for other Philodendron species with appropriate modifications.
Incidence of Moniliophthora roreri pathogen of cocoa in Ecuador and chemical management at in vitro and in vivo levels
The phytopathogen M. roreri represents one of the main phytosanitary problems worldwide, it is still a challenge and represents a risk for almond production. The efficient use of fungicides reduces the impact on the environment and contributes to the care for the non-resistance of the pathogen. This work carried out an experimental study to estimate the capacity of chemical fungicides for in vitro and in vivo management of the disease and also analyzed the effective isolates of the pathogen that have been reported in laboratory conditions in Ecuador. Three experimental trials were carried out, the first with a DCA to estimate effective doses of azoxystrobin, copper sulfate pentahydrate and chlorothalonil under in vitro conditions; the second a factorial DCA to evaluate the effect of antifungals on loose fruits inoculated with the pathogen under controlled conditions using conidia spraying; and a DCL to study the effect of combined fungicides for pathogen decline under field conditions, the variables evaluated were: growth area, PIC in Petri boxes, incidence, external severity on cocoa fruits. Copper sulfate and azoxystrobin showed high efficacy in vitro against M. roreri, with control greater than 90%. In the field, fungicide combinations significantly reduced the incidence and severity of the pathogen in cocoa; loose cocoa pods were not suitable for evaluating virulence or antifungal efficacy. In the incidence analysis, 59.09% of M. roreri isolates at the in vitro level did not show significant genetic differences in Ecuador.
Copyright (c) 2025 Scientia Agropecuaria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical profile of native wild plants of Central Kalimantan with potential use for the development of functional foods and sustainable dietary interventions
The study investigates the phytochemical profiles of selected wild local vegetables in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, assessing their potential health benefits in addressing nutritional deficiencies prevalent in the region. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on key metabolites, including phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids, phytosterol, terpenoid, saponin, and glucosinolates. The vegetables examined in this study included Solanum torvum, Cnesmone javanica, Gymnopetalum cochinense, Stenochlaena palustris, Helminthostachys zeylanica, Nauclea orientalis, Neptunia oleraceae, Crinum sp., Etlingera elatior, Calamus sp., Solanum ferox, Colocasia esculenta, Diplazium esculentum, and Rorippa indica. Using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the total phenolic content in the ethanolic extract ranged from 107.20 to 7393.10 mg GAE 100 g-1. Total flavonoids varied from 27.17-1163.82 mg QE 100 g-1 fresh weight. Carotenoids, alkaloids, phytosterols, terpenoid, saponin ranging from 1.273-1448.80 mg 100 g-1, 78.94-1061.67 mg 100 g-1, 168.33 - 4926.67 mg 100 g-1, 914.44-15503.33 mg 100 g-1, respectively. Additionally, saponins and glucosinolates were found in concentrations ranging from 1742.22 to 19164.44 mg 100 g-1, and 92.4 to 4726.52 mg 100 g-1, respectively. N. orientalis, N. oleracea, and R. indica showed strong potential as functional foods due to their high levels of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. R. indica and D. esculentum stand out for their rich carotenoid. Additionally, the substantial amounts of phytosterols, saponins, glucosinolates, and terpenoids in N. oleracea, H. zeylanica, R. indica, and D. esculentum. Linking phytochemicals to health supports targeted diets for vulnerable groups, strengthened through diverse local vegetables and culturally adapted functional food products.
Agro-morphological characterization of tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) accessions using descriptors and spectral metrics derived from UAVs
Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis S.) is a legume native to the Andes, recognized for its high nutritional value, which gives it great potential in food security programs. Therefore, understanding and advancing the conservation of its morphological diversity is essential. In this study, 140 accessions from the national germplasm collection of the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation of Peru were evaluated, along with two cultivars ("INIA 445 Masacanchino" and "Andenes 90"). A traditional agro-morphological characterization was conducted using 16 quantitative and 40 qualitative descriptors, complemented by phenological data obtained from time series of reflectance indices generated by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Additionally, a principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to select the most relevant variables, and a clustering analysis along with a dendrogram was developed to classify the accessions. The results revealed significant differences between groups (p < 0.05) in terms of inflorescence length, number of pods on the main axis, number of primary branches, and yield per plant. Likewise, the morphological groups exhibited variations in phenophases derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Four morphological groups were identified: group 3 (G3) showed the highest growth rate followed by a decline, while group 4 (G4) stood out for its highest initial growth rate. Furthermore, the observed homogeneous phenological conditions indicated that groups 1 (G1) and 4 (G4) matured earlier, making them promising candidates for selection. These findings demonstrate the wide genetic variability of tarwi, which can be exploited in breeding programs for the development of new cultivars. Thus, the study highlights the importance of morphological characterization in understanding the variability of an understudied crop such as tarwi, contributing to conservation and promoting its protection and sustainability.
Analysis of rice (Oryza sativa l.) bioeconomy: Data Envelopment Analysis method highlights the need for cooperation to improve productivity and sustainability
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production is a cornerstone of Ecuador's economy. This research evaluates the efficiency of 609 production units during 2019, addressing the need for statistical robustness in agricultural efficiency estimators. Using a national representative survey, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied under Variable Returns Scale (VRS) and Constant Returns to Scale (CRS). To account for sampling noise, the Simar & Wilson (2007) bootstrap procedure (2,000 replications) was implemented to provide bias-corrected scores and 95% confidence intervals. The bootstrap-corrected analysis revealed a mean technical efficiency of 0.632 (95% CI: 0.596 – 0.668), suggesting a potential 36.8% input reduction without output loss. Significant provincial heterogeneity was observed: Manabí led in technical efficiency (0.743), while El Oro achieved the highest cost efficiency (0.435) due to superior allocative performance. Conversely, Loja showed high technical proficiency (0.645) but the lowest allocative efficiency (0.197). Findings underscore that "one-size-fits-all" policies are inadequate; instead, province-specific interventions, focusing on scale optimization and financial training, are required to enhance the sustainability of Ecuador's rice bioeconomy.
Nutritional profile, processing potential and food applications of Macrotermes nigeriensis powder: A comprehensive review
Macrotermes nigeriensis is increasingly recognized as a nutrient-dense edible insect with significant potential for food and non-food applications. This review synthesizes current evidence on proximate composition, mineral and vitamin content, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, functional properties, and safety considerations of its powder. Existing studies consistently report high levels of protein, essential minerals (Fe, Zn), and vitamin C, together with low concentrations of antinutritional factors. When incorporated into various food matrices (including cakes, biscuits, and fermented cassava beverages) M. nigeriensis powder markedly enhances protein density, micronutrient content, and, in some cases, sensory acceptability. Protein isolates exhibit desirable emulsifying and foaming properties, supporting their potential use in food formulation. Beyond nutrition, the species also provides oils that may serve as unconventional feedstock for biodiesel production. Overall, M. nigeriensis represents a promising sustainable protein resource, but further multidisciplinary investigation is required to support its large-scale utilization. Future research should focus on: (i) long-term safety and toxicological evaluation, (ii) nutrient bioavailability and digestibility, (iii) detailed lipid profiling and its health implications, (iv) standardization of processing and preservation methods, and (v) consumer acceptance and market feasibility beyond endemic regions.
Composting in agroecology: Effects on soil structure, nutrient availability and beneficial microorganisms
Composting is a key strategy in agroecology that improves soil fertility without causing negative environmental effects. Unlike synthetic fertilizers, compost promotes soil regeneration by increasing its organic matter content, enhancing its structure, and stimulating beneficial microbial activity. This review article examines how composting optimizes the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, increasing its water retention capacity, the availability of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and strengthening crop resilience against diseases and environmental stress. Different composting methods, such as vermicomposting, windrow composting, and Bokashi, are compared, demonstrating that regardless of the method used, compost does not contribute to soil degradation but instead enriches it in a sustainable manner. Additionally, the role of key microorganisms in nutrient mineralization and the improvement of the soil microbiome is highlighted, ensuring a balanced and slow-release supply for plants. Finally, innovative strategies to optimize compost quality using microbial inoculants and natural amendments are discussed, consolidating their role as a sustainable alternative for efficient and environmentally responsible agricultural production.
Identification of stable and high-yielding camu camu genotypes using the multiple phenotypic trait stability index
Camu camu is an Amazonian fruit shrub from the Myrtaceae family, naturally growing in floodplains of the Amazon basin. Its significance lies in its fruit production, characterized by high vitamin C content and bioactive components. This study aimed to identify promising accessions within the camu camu germplasm collection in the Peruvian Amazon by evaluating multiple morphological traits and high phenotypic stability across different cropping seasons. A panel of 215 individuals from 43 accessions was evaluated over three growing seasons (2021/2022, 2022/2023, and 2023/2024) to identify stable accessions. Twenty-six quantitative descriptors were analyzed, including traits related to leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, and fruit yield per plant. The Weighted Average of Absolute Scores Biplot (WAASB), based on the Best Linear Unbiased Predictions (BLUPs) of the genotype-environment interaction, was employed to assess the stability of accessions across three growing seasons. Factor analysis was also used to identify relationships among multiple variables. The genotype x environment interaction (GEI) effects were significant for all descriptors, except for ºBrix, while environmental effects were significant for most descriptors. A cumulative variance of 74% was explained by eight principal components. The BLUP analysis and WAASB index effectively identified stable camu camu accessions with high agromorphological values, emphasizing their contribution to the genetic variability of the collection. Furthermore, the MET evaluation facilitated the selection of accessions with multiple traits adapted to diverse environments. Results highlight the efficiency of BLUP and WAASB in assessing genotypic stability, resource optimization, and sustainability in breeding programs for this species.
Extraction of flavonoids from Mucuna pruriens seeds by ultrasound: Evaluation of their antioxidant properties and toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans
Traditional methods for extracting bioactive compounds from Mucuna pruriens involve high solvent use, long extraction times, and low yields. As a result, finding more efficient extraction techniques remains an important research focus. In this context, ultrasound-assisted extraction has become a promising alternative for extracting flavonoids from M. pruriens. These compounds play a crucial role in various applications, including nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, medicine, and cosmetics. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the extraction yield of flavonoid content from Mucuna pruriens seeds by employing a Box-Behnken Design, focusing on the effects of ultrasound power, pulse cycle, and extraction time as factors, and using an acidified ethanol-water solution (80:20 v/v plus 2% HCl 2N) as the extraction solvent. Under optimal conditions, the ultrasound-assisted extraction method yielded a higher flavonoid content (77.30 µg/mL) than the magnetic stirring technique (60.92 µg/mL). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified and quantified significant amounts of gallocatechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggested the presence of additional compounds, including amino acids, proteins, glycerides, aliphatic compounds, and alkaloids. Antioxidant assessments indicated that the optimal ultrasound conditions enhanced antioxidant activity in the DPPH and FRAP assays (323.51 and 259.07 mmol TE/g, respectively) compared to the conventional extraction method (294.13 and 164.19 mmol TE/g, respectively). Toxicity evaluations were conducted by exposing C. elegans to varying concentrations of extracts from both methods for 24 h, with LC50 values calculated at 143.65 µg/mL for the ultrasound extract under optimal conditions and 132.18 µg/mL for the magnetic stirring method. These findings provide support for the functional applications of Mucuna pruriens flavonoids as natural antioxidants.
The role of polyphenols in food safety: mitigating the formation of acrylamide and hydroxymethylfurfural and their health risks
The formation of toxic compounds such as acrylamide (AA) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) during thermal food processing (>120 °C) represents a significant risk to human health, as they have been associated with neurotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects. However, several studies have shown that polyphenols can reduce the levels of these toxic compounds. In this context, this review examines the potential of polyphenols to mitigate the formation of AA and HMF via distinct mechanisms during the Maillard reaction (MR). In general, these compounds interact with precursors and intermediates of the MR. Thus, polyphenols represent a natural and effective strategy for improving food safety, thereby promoting the development of healthier products. However, Future challenges remain, including the elucidation of the chemical mechanisms involved in the action of polyphenols, an in-depth study of factors such as pH, temperature, and food matrix, toxicological and metabolic evaluations, regulatory aspects, the use of clean and sustainable technologies for obtaining polyphenols, optimization of extraction methods, and application in food matrices while considering sensory effects. A multidisciplinary approach will be vital to achieving the effective and safe application of polyphenols in the food industry.
Socioeconomic factors determining the production of smallholder farmers of organic quinoa in the Peruvian Andes
Organic quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild) cultivation embodies a holistic agricultural approach, integrating biological fertilizers to curtail reliance on insecticides and synthetic fertilizers and low levels of greenhouse gases. The objective of this paper was to identify the socioeconomic factors that determine smallholder farmer organic quinoa production. The socioeconomic factors of organic quinoa farmer in the district of San Jerónimo, Apurímac in Southern Peru associated with five groups of organic quinoa farmers. Primary data were collected from 109 smallholder farmers belonging to quinoa producers' associations, using a non-experimental and cross-sectional study design, that was analyzed with descriptive, correlational statistics and a logistic regression method involving the evaluation of 13 independent variables. Motivational factors are identified through the application of a qualitative and quantitative sequence of mixed methods design. The results show that high price is the most important explanatory variable, and it is also the one that smallholders primarily consider when cultivating organic quinoa. The second most important variables motivating such farmers are social factors, mainly those related to health benefits, food quality and lastly environmental benefits. The variables: quinoa income, distance to the land, membership in an association, technical assistance and mixed (own and hired) labor had an inverse relationship with organic quinoa production while land ownership had a positive but less significant effect on the production of organic quinoa (p < 0.1). In conclusion, organic quinoa producers are primarily influenced by financial reasons, followed by considerations of sustainability and the desire to obtain healthy, pesticide-free food for self-consumption. These findings of important factors in the adoption of organic agriculture by producer associations and the motivational aspects found for its continued production could be considered in agricultural policy proposals in the face of a world with greater demands for food and environmental protection.
Effect of exogenous proline on the production and partitioning of dry matter and on the organic carbon content at different stages of the tomato plant
Water limitation is one of the most serious problems in tomato production, responsible for a significant reduction in productivity and fruit quality. In this context, the application of exogenous proline may be an alternative for plants to deal with possible water stress. The objective of this work was to evaluate the production, dry matter mass partition and organic carbon content of the tomato cultivar “Vivacy”, cultivated with doses of proline and irrigated every seven days. A randomized block design was used, with four replications and a 2 x 3 + 1 factorial arrangement. The factors consisted of 2 doses of proline (100 and 150 mg L-1), 3 application times (1, 3 and 6 days after irrigation) and a control without proline application. Data analysis showed a significant difference in the variables analyzed, revealing that the application of proline influenced the production and partition of dry matter mass of tomato plants. However, no significant difference was found in some variables, although the application of treatments showed superior results compared to the control. Proline sprayed at a dose of 100 mg L-1 increases the dry matter mass and organic carbon content in tomato plants during the fruiting and end-of-cycle phases, in addition to contributing to greater dry matter partitioning for the fruits.
Soil variability in a toposequence of the Monzón Valley, high jungle of Peru: Morphology, properties and classification
Knowing the taxonomy, mineralogy, and properties of soils is essential to understand their genesis, functionality, and potential use, and it is fundamental for implementing land-use planning and to characterize soil use management systems. The objective of this study was to describe and correlate the taxonomic characteristics (Soil Taxonomy and World Soil Classification), morphological, physicochemical, and mineralogical characteristics of soils in relation to their physiographic position, based on 15 profiles of a toposequence obtaining 81 horizons. It was verified that soil variability was linked to relief; likewise, soil orders ranging from Entisols to Inceptisols were identified according to the Soil Taxonomy classification. While through the World Soil classification, the groups: Fluvisols, Regosols, Umbrisols, Cambisols, and Luvisols were identified. Morphologically, the fluvial soils were characterized by presenting Ap surface horizons, verifying the absence of subsurface horizons, denoting that they are young soils. In the physical attributes, there were sandy textures in fluvial soils and clayey textures in residual soils. Greater fertility was evidenced in lower terraces, and as the relief rises, fertility decreases. There was a correlation between physical and chemical attributes; in this sense, fertility depends to some extent on physical characteristics. The mineralogical analysis, using X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence, revealed a predominance of 2:1 minerals in fluvial soils, associated with SiO₂/R₂O₃ molar ratios > 2; whereas in residual soils, 1:1 minerals predominated, with ratios < 2. Finally, fertility decreased according to soil origin: highest in fluvial soils, intermediate in alluvial soils, and lowest in residual soils.
Relationship between isotopic response (δ13C) and physicochemical properties: Taxonomy of soils in the Monzón Valley in the high jungle of Peru
Identifying the carbon isotopic ratio is valuable for analyzing and understanding soil classification and dynamics. This study evaluated and related the soil isotopic ratio and its main properties (physicochemical) in the Monzón Valley. Fifteen pits were sampled within the strata of a toposequence. δ13C was determined using an isotope ratio mass spectrometry system coupled with an EA-IRMS elemental analyzer. To obtain accurate results, samples were categorized based on their depth. Between 500 and 600 µg of soil were weighed for samples <40 cm deep, and between 1500 and 2000 µg for samples deeper than 40 cm. The results provided information on the stable carbon content of the soil, separating each sample by its soil profile, depth, pH, color, Al, cultivar, carbon stock, taxonomic classification, among others. Differences in properties were found among the profiles studied, with quantitative variation in horizons, including the water table in some, and three soil orders. The δ13C ordering shows that Inceptisols exhibit mixtures of crops from C3 and C4 plants; this is likely due to historical human interference at certain depths. For Entisols, there is a lack of diagnostic horizon formation, with a predominance of C3 plants; however, in Alfisol the greatest uptake was in the surface horizon.
Distribution dynamics of nutrient and biomass in yacon organs
Studies on nutrient absorption patterns allow for the identification of periods of peak nutritional demand, the amount of nutrients accumulated in each organ, the quantity exported by harvest, and the necessary replenishment to the soil. These insights are crucial for developing effective fertilization programs for crops. This study aimed to determine the nutrient absorption pattern of macro and micronutrients and the accumulation of biomass in various organs of yacon plants. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, following a randomized block design. The treatments consisted of different plant ages. Seven evaluations were conducted monthly, starting 30 days after transplanting. Twelve plants from the useful area were sampled for each evaluation. The plants were divided into five parts (leaves, stems, rhizophores, roots, and tuberous roots) to determine dry biomass. The samples were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn content. Yacon prioritized the allocation of photoassimilates for biomass production in the following order: tuberous roots, rhizophores, leaves, stems, and fine roots. Nutrient absorption by yacon plants followed this order: Ca > N > K > Mg > P > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu. Tuberous roots were the main organ for nutrient accumulated, exporting from the system 71, 15, 57, 125, 11, 1.8, 0.87, 0.40, and 0.27 kg há-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively. These results provide critical physiological parameters for formulating evidence-based fertilization programs and modeling yacon growth, thereby advancing precision nutrient management. Moreover, integrating these data into agronomic models and sustainability assessments will facilitate the crop’s development as a high-value functional food, supporting both productive and environmental goals.
Contribution of trees to carbon stocks in urban–rural ecosystems: Taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity in response to bioclimatic and geographic factors
Tree diversity plays a key role in mitigating climate change and enhancing ecosystem resilience. This study evaluated the contribution of trees across three habitats within the urban–rural gradient of Sucre, Bolivia: urban (UF), native (NF), and exotic (EF). Carbon sequestration, as well as taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD), and functional (FD) diversity, were analyzed in relation to bioclimatic (temperature and precipitation) and geographic (altitude) factors. The methodology included the recording of botanical and ecological traits, along with the measurement of dendrometric classes (DBH ≥ 10 cm) in 12 temporary circular plots per habitat. Results showed higher carbon stocks in the urban forest (268.36 ± 2.76 MgC/ha), followed by the exotic (159.53 ± 0.86 MgC/ha) and the native forest (39.64 ± 0.41 MgC/ha). A total of 31 species from 19 families were identified, with marked evolutionary divergence between Pinaceae and Cupressaceae compared to Fabaceae. The urban habitat presented the highest taxonomic diversity (~51.6%), the highest phylogenetic diversity (~72%), and the greatest carbon fixation (~42%). These findings highlight the fundamental role of tree diversity in carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and landscape connectivity, emphasizing the need to integrate it into sustainable urban–rural planning through adaptation and mitigation strategies that strengthen ecological resilience and ecosystem services in the urban–rural ecosystem of Sucre.